O형 주계열성

도마뱀자리 10셀레스티아 시뮬레이션.

O형 주계열성은 분광형은 O에 광도분류로는 V에 해당하는 주계열성이다. 주계열 단계이므로 중심핵에서 수소를 태우는 단계에 있다. 질량은 태양의 15 ~ 90배 정도 되고, 표면온도는 30,000 ~ 52,000 켈빈 정도이다. 밝기는 태양의 30,000 ~ 1,000,000 배에 이른다.[1][2] O형 주계열성은 흔치 않아 우리 은하에 2만 개 남짓 정도 있을 것으로 추정된다.[3] 대표적으로는 오리온자리 시그마 A, 도마뱀자리 10, 땅꾼자리 제타가 있다.[4][5]

분광표준별

O9형 주계열성 VFTS 102. 일반적으로 O형 주계열성은 빠르게 회전하여 적도가 부풀어 있다.

모건-키넌 체제하에서 O형 주계열성의 분류기준 중 20세기 초 지정되고 변하지 않은 등급은 O7 V(외뿔소자리 15)와 O9 V(도마뱀자리 10) 둘이다.[6] 모건-키넌-켈러맨(MKK)은 1943년 여키스 도감을 출판했는데 O5부터 O9형까지 분류를 확장했고, O9형을 다시 둘로 나누었다.[7] 둘로 나눈 O9 V 표준별은 오리온자리 이오타와 도마뱀자리 10이었다. 1953년 존슨과 모건이 펴낸 여키스 표준 개정판(MK)에는[8] O5부터 O8까지는 그대로이고 O9에는 표준별 5개(HD 46202, HD 52266, HD 57682, 세페우스자리 14, 도마뱀자리 10), O9.5 V에 표준별 3개(HD 34078, 오리온자리 시그마, 뱀주인자리 제타)를 달았다. 모건-키넌은 1973년 논문에서 O4부터 O7까지 분광기준을 개정하여 발표했다.[9] 이 논문에서는 O9형에는 도마뱀자리 10, O9.5에는 오리온자리 시그마를 표준별로 지정했다.

O5보다 뜨거운 별은 1970년대에 접어들어 지정되었다. 1978년 모건-앱트-탭스코트는 O형 주계열성의 표준별 여럿을 새로 지정했는데[10] 구체적으로 HD 46223 (O4 V), HD 46150 (O5 V), HD 199579 (O6 V), HD 47839 (O7 V), HD 46149 (O8 V), HD 46202 (O9 V) 등이 있다. 1990년 월본-피츠파트릭은 최초로 OB형 항성을 디지털 도감으로 만들었는데 여기에 O3 V 분광형 표준별로 HDE 303308을 수록했다.[11] 2002년 월본은 O2형을 최초로 정의했으며[12] 기준별로 BI 253을 지정했다.(정확한 분광형 표기는 "O2 V((f*))"임.) 월본은 HDE 30308을 O4 V로 재지정했으며 O3 V 기준별로 HD 64568LH 10-3058을 지정했다.

O3 V형 주계열의 표면온도는 약 5만 켈빈에 이른다.

거리기준 목록

1,500광년 이내

다음은 지구에서 1,500광년 이내에 있는 O형 주계열성들의 목록으로, 6개에 불과하다.

이름 바이어 기호 분광형 질량(M) 거리(ly) 비고
땅꾼자리 제타 좌동 O9 V 20 458
도마뱀자리 10 없음 O9 V ? 1125
오리온자리 시그마 A 좌동 O9 V ? 1150
비둘기자리 뮤 좌동 O9.5 V 12~15 1300 도주성
외뿔소자리 15 없음 O7 Ve ? 1454 전주계열성
쌍둥이자리 BN 없음 O8V:pev ? 1470

1,500 ~ 5,000광년 이내

다음 목록은 지구에서 1,500 ~ 5,000 광년 이내의 거리에 위치한 O형 주계열성들이다.

이름 바이어 기호 분광형 질량(M) 거리(ly) 비고
오리온자리 세타1 C 없음 O6peV ? 1500
HD 57682 없음 O9V ? 4009
HD 150136 없음 O3V / O6V 27 / 18 4300

5,000 ~ 10,000광년 이내

다음 목록은 지구에서 5,000 ~ 10,000 광년 이내의 거리에 위치한 O형 주계열성이다.

이름 바이어 기호 분광형 질량(태양=1) 거리(광년) 비고
HR 2422 없음 O8V ? 6600

10,000광년 이상

다음 목록은 지구에서 10,000광년 이상의 거리에 위치한 O형 주계열성이다.

이름 바이어 기호 분광형 질량(태양=1) 거리(광년) 비고
VFTS 352 없음 O4.5V+O5.5V 28.63 / 28.85 160000 과잉접촉쌍성계
HD 48099 없음 O6Ve ? 40163
LH54-425 B 없음 O6V 37 170000
O5 분광형 주계열성의 스펙트럼.

참고 문헌

  • Astrophysical Journal Supplements, Jes´us Ma´ız-Apell´aniz, Nolan R. Walborn, H´ector ´ A. Galu´, Lisa H. Wei. A Galactic O-Star Catalog[깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]. 2008년 11월 24일 확인.(PDF 파일)
  1. Tables 1 and 4, Fabrice Martins; Daniel Schaerer & D. John Hiller (2005). “A new calibration of stellar parameters of Galactic O stars”. 《Astronomy & Astrophysics》 436: 1049–1065. arXiv:astro-ph/0503346. Bibcode:2005A&A...436.1049M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042386. 
  2. Table 5, William D. Vacca; Catharine D. Garmany & J. Michael Shull (April 1996). “The Lyman-Continuum Fluxes and Stellar Parameters of O and Early B-Type Stars”. 《Astrophysical Journal》 460: 914–931. Bibcode:1996ApJ...460..914V. doi:10.1086/177020. 
  3. Scientists Begin To Tease Out A Hidden Star's Secrets, ScienceDaily, July 27, 1998. Accessed on line November 13, 2007.
  4. BD-02 1326A, SIMBAD query result. Accessed on line November 13, 2007.
  5. 10 Lac, SIMBAD query result. Accessed on line November 13, 2007.
  6. A Hierarchy of Standards for the MK Process R.F. Garrison, 1994, The MK process at 50 years, ASP Conf. Series Vol. 60, p. 3
  7. [1] AN ATLAS OF STELLAR SPECTRA WITH AN OUTLINE OF SPECTRAL CLASSIFICATION, W.W. Morgan, P.C. Keenan & E. Kellman, 1943, Chicago, Ill., The University of Chicago press
  8. Fundamental stellar photometry for standards of spectral type on the revised system of the Yerkes spectral atlas Johnson, H. L.; Morgan, W. W., 1953, Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 117, p. 313
  9. Spectral Classification Morgan, W. W.; Keenan, P. C., 1973, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 11, p. 29
  10. Revised MK Spectral Atlas for stars earlier than the sun, W.W. Morgan, W. W., H.A. Abt, J.W. Tapscott, 1978, Williams Bay: Yerkes Observatory, and Tucson: Kitt Peak National Observatory
  11. Contemporary optical spectral classification of the OB stars – A digital atlas Walborn, Nolan R.; Fitzpatrick, Edward L., 1990, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Publications, vol. 102, April 1990, p. 379-411.
  12. A New Spectral Classification System for the Earliest O Stars: Definition of Type O2 Walborn, Nolan R.; Howarth, Ian D.; Lennon, Daniel J.; Massey, Philip; Oey, M. S.; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Skalkowski, Gwen; Morrell, Nidia I.; Drissen, Laurent; Parker, Joel Wm., 2002, The Astronomical Journal, Volume 123, Issue 5, pp. 2754–2771

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