고대 마케도니아인
마케도니아인 (그리스어 : Μακεδόνες )는 그리스 본토 북동부의 할리아크몬강과 하류 악시오스강 주변의 충적 평야 에 살았던 고대 부족이었다. 본질적으로 고대 그리스인 [ 1] 트라키아인 들과 일리리아인 들을 흡수하거나 몰아냈다.[ 2] [ 3] 고대 그리스어 의 형제 언어 인 고대 마케도니아어 를 사용했지만,[ 7] 북서부 도리스 그리스어 의 방언으로 생각된다.[ 16] 아이올리 그리스어 분류도 제안했다.[ 19] 고전 시대 에 이 지역의 링구아 프랑카 는 아티카 그리스어였으며 헬레니즘 시대 에는 코이네 그리스어 로 대체되었다.[ 5] 그리스 신화 의 주요 신들을 따르는 다른 그리스인 들의 신념을 반영했지만, 마케도니아인들은 기원전 6세기 이후 그리스 의 다른 지역에서 중단된 고대 매장 관행 을 계속했다. 군주제를 제외하고 마케도니아 사회의 핵심은 귀족이었다. 이웃한 테살리아 의 귀족과 마찬가지로 그들의 부는 주로 말 과 소 를 방목하는 데 기반을 두었다.
BC 8세기경에 건립된 마케도니아 왕국 은 다양한 씨족으로 구성되어 있지만 대부분 아르게아스 왕조 와 그 이름을 딴 부족과 관련이 있다. 이 왕조는 아르고스 의 전설적인 테메노스 의 후손인 페르디카스 1세 에 의해 건립된 것으로 알려져 있으며, 마케도니아 지역 은 그리스 신화 의 인물인 마케돈 에서 이름을 따온 것으로 보인다. 전통적으로 독립적인 가족들에 의해 통치되던 마케도니아인들은 알렉산드로스 1세(재위 498– 기원전 454)의 시기에 아르게아스 통치를 받아들인 것으로 보인다. 필리포스 2세 (기원전 359년 – 336년) 치세에, 마케도니아인들은 그들의 영토를 확장하고 트라키아로 확장되는 다른 지역들에 대한 그들의 지배력을 증가시킨 수많은 군사적 혁신들로 인정받고 있다. 이러한 영토 통합은 알렉산드로스 대왕 ( r. 336 – 기원전 323년)의 공적인 아케메네스 제국 정복 , 디아도코이 후계 국가 의 설립, 서아시아 , 그리스 및 더 넓은 지중해 세계 에서 헬레니즘 시대 의 시작을 허용했다. 마케도니아인들은 결국 제3차 마케도니아 전쟁 (기원전 171-168년)이 끝날 때 마케도니아 왕정을 해체하고 제4차 마케도니아 전쟁 (기원전 150-148년) 후에 로마 공화국 에 의해 설치된 마케도니아 속주 치하에서 로마의 지배를 받게 되었다.
고대 세계의 작가, 역사가 , 정치가들은 종종 마케도니아인이 그리스인 , 반그리스인 또는 심지어 야만인 이라는 민족적 정체성에 대해 상충되지는 않더라도 모호한 생각을 표현했다. 이것은 마케도니아인의 정확한 민족적 정체성에 대한 현대 학자들 사이의 논쟁을 불러일으켰다. 그럼에도 불구하고 그들은 고대 올림픽 게임 을 포함한 그리스 종교 및 운동 경기 참여와 같은 동시대 그리스 문화 의 여러 측면을 수용했다. 펠라 저주 서판과 같은 언어학적 증거가 부족하기 때문에 대부분의 학자들은 고대 마케도니아어를 도리스 그리스어 또는 북서부 그리스어와 관련된 또 다른 그리스어 방언으로 간주한다.[ 21] [ 22] [ 23] [ 24] [ 25] [ 26] [ 27]
고대 마케도니아인들은 고전 및 후기 헬레니즘 예술 의 생산과 육성에 참여했다. 시각 예술 측면에서 그들은 프레스코화 , 모자이크 , 조각품 , 장식용 금속 세공품 을 제작했다. 음악과 그리스 연극 의 공연 예술 은 높이 평가되었으며 에우리피데스 와 같은 유명한 극작가들이 마케도니아에 거주했다. 왕국은 또한 아리스토텔레스 와 같은 저명한 철학자 들의 존재를 끌어들였고 마케도니아 원주민들은 고대 그리스 문학 , 특히 그리스 역사학 분야에 기여했다. 그들의 스포츠 및 여가 활동에는 사냥, 달리기 , 전차 경주 뿐만 아니라 심포지엄 으로 알려진 귀족 연회에서의 잔치와 음주가 포함되었다.
↑ Worthington 2014a , 10쪽; Hornblower 2008 , 55–58쪽; Joint Association of Classical Teachers 1984 , 50–51쪽; Errington 1990 ; Fine 1983 , 607–608쪽; Hall 2000 , 64쪽; Hammond 2001 , 11쪽; Jones 2001 , 21쪽; Osborne 2004 , 127쪽; Hammond 1989 , 12–13쪽; Hammond 1993 , 97쪽; Starr 1991 , 260, 367쪽; Toynbee 1981 , 67쪽; Worthington 2008 , 8, 219쪽; Chamoux 2002 , 8쪽; Cawkwell 1978 , 22쪽; Perlman 1973 , 78쪽; Hamilton 1974 , Chapter 2: The Macedonian Homeland, p. 23; Bryant 1996 , 306쪽; O'Brien 1994 , 25쪽.↑ Trudgill 2002 , 125쪽; Theodossiev 2000 , 175–209쪽.↑ Christesen & Murray 2010 , 428쪽.↑ Vladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples", The Slavonic and East European Review 44 :103:285-297 (July 1966)
↑ 가 나 Joseph, Brian D. (2001). 〈Ancient Greek〉. Garry, Jane; Rubino; Bodomo; Faber; French. 《Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present》 (영어). H. W. Wilson Company . 256쪽. ISBN 9780824209704 ↑ Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages", Sino-Platonic Papers , vol 239.
↑ Suggested by Georgiev (1966),[ 4] [ 5] [ 6]
↑ 가 나 Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2020). 〈The speech of the ancient Macedonians〉. 《Ancient Macedonia》 (영어). De Gruyter . 64, 77쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-071876-8 ↑ 가 나 다 Masson, Olivier (2003). 〈[Ancient] Macedonian language〉. Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony. 《The Oxford Classical Dictionary 》 (영어) revis 3판. Oxford University Press . 905–906쪽. ISBN 978-0-19-860641-3 ↑ Michael Meier-Brügger, Indo-European linguistics , Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,on Google books
↑ Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95
↑ Dosuna, J. Méndez (2012). 〈Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)〉. Giannakis, Georgios K. 《Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture》. Centre for Greek Language. 145쪽. ISBN 978-960-7779-52-6 ↑ Matzinger, Joachim (2016). 《Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen》 (PDF) (연설) (독일어). Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich . ↑ Crespo, Emilio (2017). 〈The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect〉. Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis. 《Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea》. Walter de Gruyter. 329쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0 ↑ Brixhe, Claude (2018). 〈Macedonian〉. Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias. 《Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics》 (영어) 3 . De Gruyter . 1862–1867쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1 ↑ Pioneered by Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz (1808),[ 8] Olivier Masson (1996),[ 9] Michael Meier-Brügger (2003),[ 10] [ 11] [ 12] [ 13] [ 14] Claude Brixhe (2018)[ 15] [ 8]
↑ Hammond, N.G.L (1997). 《Collected Studies: Further studies on various topics》 (영어). A.M. Hakkert. 79쪽. ↑ Suggested by August Fick (1874),[ 9] [ 9] N. G. L. Hammond (1997)[ 17]
↑ . Oxford University Press. ↑ Meier-Brügger, Michael ; Fritz, Matthias ; Mayrhofer, Manfred (2003). 《Indo-European Linguistics》 . Walter de Gruyter. 28쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-017433-5 ↑ Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95: "This (i.e. Pella curse tablet ) has been judged to be the most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect".
↑ "[W]e may tentatively conclude that Macedonian is a dialect related to North-West Greek.", Olivier Masson , French linguist, “Oxford Classical Dictionary: Macedonian Language”, 1996.
↑ Masson & Dubois 2000 , 292쪽: "..."Macedonian Language" de l' Oxford Classical Dictionary , 1996, p. 906: "Macedonian may be seen as a Greek dialect, characterized by its marginal position and by local pronunciation (like Βερενίκα for Φερενίκα etc.)."↑ Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2017). 〈Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives〉. Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis. 《Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea》. Walter de Gruyter. 299쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0 ↑ Crespo, Emilio (2017). 〈The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect〉. Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis. 《Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea》. Walter de Gruyter. 329쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0
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(2006). 《Cleopatra: a sourcebook》 . Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806137414 Iordanidis, A.; Garcia-Guinea, J.; Karamitrou-Mentessidi, Georgia (May 2007). “Characterisation of Mycenaean and Matt-Painted Pottery from Aiani, Ancient Upper Macedonia, Greece” . 《Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece》 (Athens, Greece: Proceedings of the 11th International Congress) 40 (4): 1796–1807. doi :10.12681/bgsg.17141 . Karamitrou-Mentessidi, Georgia (2007년 3월 16일). “The Late Bronze Age in Aiani” . Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory. 2007년 10월 15일에 원본 문서 에서 보존된 문서. King, Carol J. (2010). 〈Macedonian Kingship and Other Political Institutions〉 . Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 373–391쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2 Kinzl, Konrad H. (2010). 《A Companion to the Classical Greek World》 . West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons Limited. ISBN 978-1-4443-3412-8 Cosmopoulos, Michael B. (1992). 《Macedonia: An Introduction to Its Political History》 . Manitoba Studies in Classical Civilization. ISBN 978-0-9696691-0-4 Kristinsson, Axel (2010). 《Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe since the Bronze Age》 . Reykjavík, Iceland: ReykjavíkurAkademían. ISBN 978-9979-9922-1-9 Lemos, Irene S. (2002). 《The Protogeometric Aegean: The Archaeology of the Late Eleventh and Tenth Centuries BC》 . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925344-7 MacDowell, Douglas M. (2009). 《Demosthenes the Orator》 . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-160873-5 Malkin, Irad (1998). 《The Returns of Odysseus: Colonization and Ethnicity》 . Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21185-8 Malkin, Irad (2001). 《Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity》 . Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University. ISBN 0-674-00662-3 Masson, Olivier; Dubois, Laurent (2000). 《Onomastica Graeca Selecta》 . Geneva, Switzerland: Librairie Droz. ISBN 2-600-00435-1 Masson, Olivier (1996). 《Oxford Classical Dictionary》. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Müller, Sabine (2010). 〈Philip II〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》 . Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 166–185쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2 Nawotka, Krzysztof (2010). 《Alexander the Great》 . Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-1743-1 O'Brien, John Maxwell (1994) [1992]. 《Alexander the Great: The Invisible Enemy - A Biography》 . New York, New York and London, UK: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). ISBN 0-415-10617-6 O'Neil, James L. (2003). “The Ethnic Origins of the Friends of the Antigonid Kings of Macedon”. 《The Classical Quarterly》 10 (2): 510–522. doi :10.1093/cq/53.2.510 . JSTOR 3556219 . Olbrycht, Marck Jan (2010). 〈Macedonia and Persia〉 . Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 342–370쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2 Osborne, Robin (2004). 《Greek History》 . New York, New York and London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31717-7 Papazoglou, Fanoula (2000). “Le Language Macėdoniene Antique”. 《Južnoslovenski Filolog》 56 (3–4): 771–777. Papazoglou, Fanoula (1977). “Sur le Structure Ethnique de l'Ancienne Macedonie”. 《Balcanica》 (8): 65–82. Perlman, Samuel (1973). 《Philip and Athens》 . Cambridge, UK: Heffer. ISBN 0-85270-076-8 Piening, H. (2013). 〈Mobile UV-VIS Absorption Spectrometry Investigations in the "Alexander-Sarcophagus" in Istanbul〉. Büyüköztürk, Oral; Ali Taşdemir, Mehmet. 《Nondestructive Testing of Materials and Structures: Proceedings of NDTMS-2011, Istanbul Turkey, May 15–18 2011, Part 1》 . Heidelberg, New York, & London: RILEM & Springer. 1179–1186쪽. ISBN 978-94-007-0722-1 Prag, Johnathan R. W.; Quinn, Josephine Crawley (2013). 〈Introduction〉. Prag, Johnathan R. W.; Quinn, Josephine Crawley. 《The Hellenistic West: Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean》 . Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press . 1–13쪽. ISBN 978-1-107-03242-2 Rhodes, P. J. (2010). 〈The Literary and Epigraphic Evidence to the Roman Conquest〉 . Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 23–40쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2 Roisman, Joseph (2010). 〈Classical Macedonia to Perdiccas III〉 . Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 145–165쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2 Sakellariou, Michael B. (1983). 〈Inhabitants〉 . Michael B. Sakellariou. 《Macedonia: 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization》. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon S.A. 44–63 쪽. Sakellariou, M. V. (1992). 《Macedonia, 4000 years of Greek History and Civilization》 . Athens, Greece: Ekdotikè Athenon. Sansone, David (2017). 《Ancient Greek Civilization》 3판. Malden, Oxford, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell . ISBN 978-1-119-09815-7 Sawada, Noriko (2010). 〈Social Customs and Institutions: Aspects of Macedonian Elite Society〉 . Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 392–408쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2 Snodgrass, Anthony M. (2000). 《The Dark Age of Greece: An Archaeological Survey of the Eleventh to the Eighth Centuries BC》 . New York, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93635-7 Sprawski, Slawomir (2010). 〈The Early Temenid Kings to Alexander I〉 . Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 127–144쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2 Starr, Chester G. (1991). 《A History of the Ancient World》 . New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506628-6 Theodossiev, Nikola (May 2000). “The Dead with Golden Faces. 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ISBN 90-5063-407-9 Whitley, James (2007). 《The Archaeology of Ancient Greece》 . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62733-7 Wilkes, John J. (1995). 《The Illyrians》 . Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-19807-5 Woodard, Roger D. (2008a). 《The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor》 . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5 Woodard, Roger D. (2010) [2008]. 〈Language in Ancient Europe: an Introduction〉 . Woodard, Roger D. 《The Ancient Languages of Europe》. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1–13 쪽. ISBN 978-0-521-68495-8 Woodard, Roger D. (2008b). 《The Ancient Languages of Europe》 . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68495-8 Worthington, Ian (2014a) [2004]. 《Alexander the Great: Man and God》 . New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-86644-2 Worthington, Ian (2003). 《Alexander the Great: A Reader》 . London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-29187-3 Worthington, Ian (2008). 《Philip II of Macedonia》 . New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12079-0 Worthington, Ian (2012). 《Alexander the Great: a Reader》 2판. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-66742-5 Worthington, Ian (2014b). 《By the Spear: Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire》 . Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-992986-3 Zacharia, Katerina (2008). 《Hellenisms: Culture, Identity, and Ethnicity from Antiquity to Modernity》 . Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-6525-0
Anson, Edward M. (1984). “The Meaning of the Term Macedones”. 《Ancient World》 10 : 67–68. Baldry, H. C. (1959). 《Greek Literature for the Modern Reader》 . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Baracchi, Claudia, 편집. (2014). 《The Bloomsbury Companion to Aristotle》 . London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4411-4854-4 Buckley, Terry (2010). 《Aspects of Greek History: A Source-Based Approach》. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-28184-7 Castelnuovo, Luisa Moscati (2002). 《Identità e Prassi Storica nel Mediterraneo Greco》 . Milan, Italy: Et. ISBN 88-86752-20-2 Crossland, R. A.; Birchall, Ann (1974). 《Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean: Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory》 . Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Press. ISBN 0-8155-5022-7 Dunstan, William E. (2000). 《Ancient Greece》 . Fort Worth, Texas: Harcourt College Publishers. ISBN 0-15-507383-4 Green, Peter (1992). 《Alexander of Macedon 356-323 B.C.: A Historical Biography》 . Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07166-2 Hatzopoulos, Miltiades (2002). “Perception of the Self and the Other: The Case of Macedon” . 《Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposion on Ancient Macedonia》. Pan-Montojo, Juan; Pedersen, Frederik, 편집. (2007). 《Communities in European History: Representations, Jurisdictions, Conflicts》 . Pisa, Italy: Edizioni Plus – Pisa University Press. ISBN 978-88-8492-462-9
