公正世界仮説(こうせいせかいかせつ、just-world hypothesis)または公正世界誤謬(こうせいせかいごびゅう、just-world fallacy)とは、人間の行いに対して公正な結果が返ってくるものである、と考える認知バイアス、もしくは思い込みである。また、この世界は公正世界である、という信念を公正世界信念(belief in a just world)という。公正世界仮説は社会心理学者によって広く研究されてきており、メルビン・J・ラーナー(英語版)が1960年代初頭に行った研究が嚆矢とされる[1]。以来、様々な状況下や文化圏における、公正世界仮説に基づく行動予測の検証が行われ、それによって公正世界信念の理論的な理解の明確化と拡張が行なわれてきた[2]。
なお、公正な世界としての「この世界」を定義する用語である「公正世界」とは反対に、邪悪な世界としての「この世界」を定義する用語は「Mean world」(意地悪な世界)と言う。また、公正か邪悪かはともかく、「この世界」が取り得るすべての世界(「可能世界(possible world)」)の中で最も善い世界のことを「最善世界(Best of all possible worlds)」と言い、ゴットフリート・ライプニッツによると現実の「この世界」自身が「最善世界」だという。
これらの実験結果を説明するために、ラーナーは、公正世界信念が人々の間に普遍的に存在することを理論化した。公正世界においては、人間の「行為」や「状態」が、それにふさわしい結果をもたらし、なおかつその結果が予測可能である。これらの「行為」や「状態」とは、基本的には個人の振る舞いや属性を指す。特定の「結果」に対応する具体的な「状態」は、社会的な規範やイデオロギーによって決定される。ラーナーは、公正世界信念の実利的な側面として、結果や未来が予測可能な方法で、人が世界に影響力を行使することが出来ると言う点を示した。この信念は、「世界」が人の「行為」を「考慮する」という、ある種の「契約」として機能する。この公正世界信念が存在することによって、人は将来設計と、効果的な目標駆動型の行動を行うことが可能になる。ラーナーは、彼の実験結果と理論を論文「The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion」として1980年に著した[15]。
^ abcdLerner, M.J. & Montada, L. (1998). An Overview: Advances in Belief in a Just World Theory and Methods, in Leo Montada & M.J. Lerner (Eds.). Responses to Victimizations and Belief in a Just World (1-7). Plenum Press: New York.
^ abcLipkus, I. M., Dalbert, C., & Siegler, I. C. (1996). The Importance of Distinguishing the Belief in a Just World for Self Versus for Others: Implications for Psychological Well-Being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(7), 666-677.
^ abRitter, C., Benson, D. E., & Snyder, C. (1990). Belief in a just world and depression. Sociological Perspective, 25, 235-252.
^ abcMontada, L. & Lerner, M.J. (1998). Preface, in Leo Montada & M.J. Lerner (Eds.). Responses to Victimizations and Belief in a Just World (pp. vii-viii). Plenum Press: New York.
^ abcLerner (1980). The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion. Plenum: New York.
^ abcdLerner, M. J., & Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead. Psychological Bulletin, 85(5), 1030-1051
^ abcMaes, J. (1998) Eight Stages in the Development of Research on the Construct of BJW?, in Leo Montada & M.J. Lerner (Eds.). Responses to Victimizations and Belief in a Just World (pp. 163-185). Plenum Press: New York.
^Linden, M. & Maercker, A. (2011) Embitterment: Societal, psychological, and clinical perspectives. Wien: Springer.
^Lerner, M.J. (1970). The desire for justice and reactions to victims. In J. Macaulay & L. Berkowitz (Eds.), Altruism and helping behavior (pp. 205-229). New York: Academic Press.
^Reichle, B., Schneider, A., & Montada, L. (1998). How do observers of victimization preserve their belief in a just world cognitively or actionally? In L. Montada & M. J. Lerner (Eds.), Responses to victimization and belief in a just world (pp. 55-86). New York: Plenum.
^Gruman, J. C., & Sloan, R. P. (1983). Disease as Justice: Perceptions of the Victims of Physical Illness. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 4(1), 39-46.
^ abFurnham, A. & Procter, E. (1992). Sphere-specific just world beliefs and attitudes to AIDS. Human Relations, 45, 265-280.
^Harper, D. J., Wagstaff, G. F., Newton, J. T., & Harrison, K. R. (1990). Lay causal perceptions of third world poverty and the just world theory. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 18(2), 235-238. Scientific Journal Publishers.
^Harper, D. J., & Manasse, P. R. (1992). The Just World and the Third World: British explanations for poverty abroad. The Journal of social psychology, 6. Heldref Publications.
^Janoff-Bulman, R. (1979). Characterological versus behavioral self-blame: inquiries into depression and rape. Journal of personality and social psychology, 37(10), 1798-809.
^Dalbert, C., Lipkus, I. M., Sallay, H., & Goch, I. (2001). A just and unjust world: Structure and validity of different world beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 561-577.
^Maes, J. (1998). Immanent justice and ultimate justice: two ways of believing in justice. In L. Montada, & M. Lerner (Eds.), Responses to victimization and belief in a just world (pp. 9-40). New York: Plenum Press.
^Mohiyeddini, C., & Montada, L. (1998). BJW and self-efficacy in coping with observed victimization. In L. Montada, & M. Lerner (Eds.), Responses to victimizations and belief in the just world (pp. 43-53). New York: Plenum.
^Lambert, A. J., Burroughs, T., & Nguyen, T. (1999). Perceptions of risk and the buffering hypothesis: The role of just world beliefs and right wing authoritarianism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(6), 643-656.
^Furnham, A. & Procter, E. (1989). Belief in a just world: review and critique of the individual difference literature. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 365-384.
^Begue, L. (2002). Beliefs in justice and faith in people: just world, religiosity and interpersonal trust. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(3), 375-382.
^Kurst, J., Bjorck, J., & Tan, S. (2000). Causal attributions for uncontrollable negative events. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 19, 47-60.
^Calhoun, L., & Cann, A. (1994). Differences in assumptions about a just world: ethnicity and point of view. Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 765-770.
^Hunt, M. (2000). Status, religion, and the ‘‘belief in a just world’’: comparing African Americans, Latinos, and Whites. Social Science Quarterly, 81, 325-343.
^Furnham, A. (1993). Just world beliefs in twelve societies. Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 317-329.
^Furnham, A. (1992). Relationship knowledge and attitudes towards AIDS. Psychological Reports, 71, 1149-1150.
^Dalbert, C. (2001). The justice motive as a personal resource: dealing with challenges and critical life events. New York: Plenum.
^ abHafer, C., & Olson, J. (1998). Individual differences in beliefs in a just world and responses to personal misfortune. In L. Montada, & M. Lerner (Eds.), Responses to victimizations and belief in the just world (pp. 65-86). New York: Plenum.
^Taylor, S.E., & Brown, J. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.
^Sutton, R., & Douglas, K. (2005). Justice for all, or just for me? More evidence of the importance of the self-other distinction in just-world beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(3), 637-645.
^Montada, L. & Lerner, M. (Eds.) (1998) Responses to victimizations and belief in the just world. New York: Plenum.
Lerner, Melvin J. (1980). The Belief in a Just World A Fundamental Delusion. Perspectives in Social Psychology. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN978-0-306-40495-5
Lerner, M.; Simmons, C. H. (1966). “Observer’s Reaction to the ‘Innocent Victim’: Compassion or Rejection?”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology4 (2): 203-210. doi:10.1037/h0023562. PMID5969146.
Montada, Leo; Lerner, Melvin J. (1998). Responses to Victimization and Belief in a Just World. Critical Issues in Social Justice. ISBN978-0-306-46030-2
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