公正世界仮説(こうせいせかいかせつ、just-world hypothesis)または公正世界誤謬(こうせいせかいごびゅう、just-world fallacy)とは、人間の行いに対して公正な結果が返ってくるものである、と考える認知バイアス、もしくは思い込みである。また、この世界は公正世界である、という信念を公正世界信念(belief in a just world)という。公正世界仮説は社会心理学者によって広く研究されてきており、メルビン・J・ラーナー(英語版)が1960年代初頭に行った研究が嚆矢とされる[1]。以来、様々な状況下や文化圏における、公正世界仮説に基づく行動予測の検証が行われ、それによって公正世界信念の理論的な理解の明確化と拡張が行なわれてきた[2]。
なお、公正な世界としての「この世界」を定義する用語である「公正世界」とは反対に、邪悪な世界としての「この世界」を定義する用語は「Mean world」(意地悪な世界)と言う。また、公正か邪悪かはともかく、「この世界」が取り得るすべての世界(「可能世界(possible world)」)の中で最も善い世界のことを「最善世界(Best of all possible worlds)」と言い、ゴットフリート・ライプニッツによると現実の「この世界」自身が「最善世界」だという。
これらの実験結果を説明するために、ラーナーは、公正世界信念が人々の間に普遍的に存在することを理論化した。公正世界においては、人間の「行為」や「状態」が、それにふさわしい結果をもたらし、なおかつその結果が予測可能である。これらの「行為」や「状態」とは、基本的には個人の振る舞いや属性を指す。特定の「結果」に対応する具体的な「状態」は、社会的な規範やイデオロギーによって決定される。ラーナーは、公正世界信念の実利的な側面として、結果や未来が予測可能な方法で、人が世界に影響力を行使することが出来ると言う点を示した。この信念は、「世界」が人の「行為」を「考慮する」という、ある種の「契約」として機能する。この公正世界信念が存在することによって、人は将来設計と、効果的な目標駆動型の行動を行うことが可能になる。ラーナーは、彼の実験結果と理論を論文「The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion」として1980年に著した[15]。
^ abcdLerner, M.J. & Montada, L. (1998). An Overview: Advances in Belief in a Just World Theory and Methods, in Leo Montada & M.J. Lerner (Eds.). Responses to Victimizations and Belief in a Just World (1-7). Plenum Press: New York.
^ abcLipkus, I. M., Dalbert, C., & Siegler, I. C. (1996). The Importance of Distinguishing the Belief in a Just World for Self Versus for Others: Implications for Psychological Well-Being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(7), 666-677.
^ abRitter, C., Benson, D. E., & Snyder, C. (1990). Belief in a just world and depression. Sociological Perspective, 25, 235-252.
^ abcMontada, L. & Lerner, M.J. (1998). Preface, in Leo Montada & M.J. Lerner (Eds.). Responses to Victimizations and Belief in a Just World (pp. vii-viii). Plenum Press: New York.
^ abcLerner (1980). The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion. Plenum: New York.
^ abcdLerner, M. J., & Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead. Psychological Bulletin, 85(5), 1030-1051
^ abcMaes, J. (1998) Eight Stages in the Development of Research on the Construct of BJW?, in Leo Montada & M.J. Lerner (Eds.). Responses to Victimizations and Belief in a Just World (pp. 163-185). Plenum Press: New York.
^Linden, M. & Maercker, A. (2011) Embitterment: Societal, psychological, and clinical perspectives. Wien: Springer.
^Lerner, M.J. (1970). The desire for justice and reactions to victims. In J. Macaulay & L. Berkowitz (Eds.), Altruism and helping behavior (pp. 205-229). New York: Academic Press.
^Reichle, B., Schneider, A., & Montada, L. (1998). How do observers of victimization preserve their belief in a just world cognitively or actionally? In L. Montada & M. J. Lerner (Eds.), Responses to victimization and belief in a just world (pp. 55-86). New York: Plenum.
^Gruman, J. C., & Sloan, R. P. (1983). Disease as Justice: Perceptions of the Victims of Physical Illness. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 4(1), 39-46.
^ abFurnham, A. & Procter, E. (1992). Sphere-specific just world beliefs and attitudes to AIDS. Human Relations, 45, 265-280.
^Harper, D. J., Wagstaff, G. F., Newton, J. T., & Harrison, K. R. (1990). Lay causal perceptions of third world poverty and the just world theory. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 18(2), 235-238. Scientific Journal Publishers.
^Harper, D. J., & Manasse, P. R. (1992). The Just World and the Third World: British explanations for poverty abroad. The Journal of social psychology, 6. Heldref Publications.
^Janoff-Bulman, R. (1979). Characterological versus behavioral self-blame: inquiries into depression and rape. Journal of personality and social psychology, 37(10), 1798-809.
^Dalbert, C., Lipkus, I. M., Sallay, H., & Goch, I. (2001). A just and unjust world: Structure and validity of different world beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 561-577.
^Maes, J. (1998). Immanent justice and ultimate justice: two ways of believing in justice. In L. Montada, & M. Lerner (Eds.), Responses to victimization and belief in a just world (pp. 9-40). New York: Plenum Press.
^Mohiyeddini, C., & Montada, L. (1998). BJW and self-efficacy in coping with observed victimization. In L. Montada, & M. Lerner (Eds.), Responses to victimizations and belief in the just world (pp. 43-53). New York: Plenum.
^Lambert, A. J., Burroughs, T., & Nguyen, T. (1999). Perceptions of risk and the buffering hypothesis: The role of just world beliefs and right wing authoritarianism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(6), 643-656.
^Furnham, A. & Procter, E. (1989). Belief in a just world: review and critique of the individual difference literature. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 365-384.
^Begue, L. (2002). Beliefs in justice and faith in people: just world, religiosity and interpersonal trust. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(3), 375-382.
^Kurst, J., Bjorck, J., & Tan, S. (2000). Causal attributions for uncontrollable negative events. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 19, 47-60.
^Calhoun, L., & Cann, A. (1994). Differences in assumptions about a just world: ethnicity and point of view. Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 765-770.
^Hunt, M. (2000). Status, religion, and the ‘‘belief in a just world’’: comparing African Americans, Latinos, and Whites. Social Science Quarterly, 81, 325-343.
^Furnham, A. (1993). Just world beliefs in twelve societies. Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 317-329.
^Furnham, A. (1992). Relationship knowledge and attitudes towards AIDS. Psychological Reports, 71, 1149-1150.
^Dalbert, C. (2001). The justice motive as a personal resource: dealing with challenges and critical life events. New York: Plenum.
^ abHafer, C., & Olson, J. (1998). Individual differences in beliefs in a just world and responses to personal misfortune. In L. Montada, & M. Lerner (Eds.), Responses to victimizations and belief in the just world (pp. 65-86). New York: Plenum.
^Taylor, S.E., & Brown, J. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.
^Sutton, R., & Douglas, K. (2005). Justice for all, or just for me? More evidence of the importance of the self-other distinction in just-world beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(3), 637-645.
^Montada, L. & Lerner, M. (Eds.) (1998) Responses to victimizations and belief in the just world. New York: Plenum.
Lerner, Melvin J. (1980). The Belief in a Just World A Fundamental Delusion. Perspectives in Social Psychology. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN978-0-306-40495-5
Lerner, M.; Simmons, C. H. (1966). “Observer’s Reaction to the ‘Innocent Victim’: Compassion or Rejection?”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology4 (2): 203-210. doi:10.1037/h0023562. PMID5969146.
Montada, Leo; Lerner, Melvin J. (1998). Responses to Victimization and Belief in a Just World. Critical Issues in Social Justice. ISBN978-0-306-46030-2
هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (سبتمبر 2020) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة...
Cet article traite de l'épreuve masculine. Pour la compétition féminine, voir Tournoi féminin de volley-ball aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020. Articles principaux : Volley-ball aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020 et Volley-ball aux Jeux olympiques. Tournoi masculin de volley-ball aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020 Généralités Sport Volley-ball Organisateur(s) CIO Édition 15e Lieu(x) Tokyo, Japon Date reporté à 2021 Participants 12 (144 joueurs) Matchs joués 38 Site(s) Aria...
François Quesnay (1694-1774), Ia adalah seorang ekonom Prancis dan merupakan pemimpin intelektual physiocrats, yaitu sekolah sistematis pertama ekonomi di Prancis Tableau economique, 1965 François Quesnay (lahir, 2 Juni 1694 di Near Paris, Prancis - meninggal, 16 Desember 1774 di Versailles) adalah seorang ekonom Prancis dan pemimpin intelektual physiocrats, sekolah sistematis pertama ekonomi politik di Prancis.[1] Quesnay menjabat sebagai dokter konsultan untuk Raja Louis XV di Ver...
Xung đột biên giới Thái Lan - Việt NamMột phần của Chiến tranh Đông Dương lần 3Thời gian1979 – 1989Địa điểmBiên giới Thái Lan-Campuchia, Vịnh Thái LanKết quả Nhiều căn cứ du kích và các trại tị nạn dọc theo biên giới Campuchia-Thái Lan bị phá hủy và làm tự phát những hành động thù địch công khai giữa quân đội Việt Nam và Thái Lan.Tham chiến Việt Nam Cộng hòa Nhân dân Campuchia &...
Fujoshi Rumi妄想少女オタク系(Mōsō Shōjo Otaku-Kei)GenreKomedi MangaPengarangNatsumi KonjoPenerbit FutabashaPenerbit bahasa Inggris Media BlastersDemografiSeinen Film laga hidupFujoshi RumiSutradaraTeiichi HoriTayangDesember 2007 Portal anime dan manga Fujoshi Rumi (妄想少女オタク系code: ja is deprecated , Mōsō Shōjo Otaku-kei) adalah sebuah manga karangan Natsumi Konjo yang pertama kali diterbitkan berseri di majalah Comic High! di Jepang sejak tahun 2006. Seri...
Andrei Sacharow, 1989 Andrei Dmitrijewitsch Sacharow (russisch Андрей Дмитриевич Сахаров, wiss. Transliteration Andréj Dmítrievič Sácharov, Aussprache: [ˈsaxərəf]; * 21. Mai 1921 in Moskau; † 14. Dezember 1989 ebenda) war ein sowjetischer Physiker, der „Vater der sowjetischen Wasserstoffbombe“, Dissident und Friedensnobelpreisträger. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 1.1 Jugend und Studium 1.2 Physiker 1.2.1 Kernwaffentechnik 1.2.2 Kernfusion 1.2.3...
1986 studio album by 2 Live CrewThe 2 Live Crew Is What We AreStudio album by 2 Live CrewReleasedJuly 25, 1986Recorded1985–1986StudioSonic Sound International (Miami, FL)Studio One (Riverside, CA)GenreMiami basselectrodirty rapLength32:55LabelLuke RecordsProducerLuke Skyywalker2 Live Crew2 Live Crew chronology The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are(1986) Move Somethin'(1988) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[1]The Rolling Stone Album Guide[2] The 2 Live C...
2021 controversy in British politics This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Additional information from 2023: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/aug/06/mps-paid-10m-for-second-jobs-and-freelance-work-over-past-year. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2023) The United Kingdom parliamentary second jobs controversy of 2021 began with Owen Paterson and his lobbying and breach of Commons advocacy rules, which led ...
2019 South Korean television series BabelPromotional posterAlso known asTower of BabelHangul바벨 GenreMelodramaRevengeCreated byTV ChosunWritten byKwon Soon-wonPark Sang-wookDirected byYoon Sung-sikStarringPark Si-hooJang Hee-jinMusic by Seol Ki-tae Gaemi ComposersSeol Ki-tae GaemiCountry of originSouth KoreaOriginal languageKoreanNo. of episodes16ProductionExecutive producerOh Nam-seokRunning time60 minutesProduction companiesHIGROUNDWantsMaker PicturesOriginal releaseNetworkTV ChosunRelea...
1961 film BhagyalakshmiTheatrical release posterDirected byK. V. SrinivasanWritten byK. V. SrinivasanProduced byPattannaStarringGemini GanesanSowcar JanakiCinematographyG. BalakrishnaEdited byS. R. ChandrasekaranK. A. SriramuluMusic byViswanathan–RamamoorthyProductioncompanyNarayanan CompanyRelease date 7 November 1961 (1961-11-07) Running time2:58:19 (16049 ft.)CountryIndiaLanguageTamil Bhagyalakshmi is a 1961 Indian Tamil-language film directed by K. V. Srinivasan. The film...
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Philippe d'Orléans. Philippe d'Orléans Le régent Philippe d'Orléans, par Jean-Baptiste Santerre, en 1717. Titre Principal ministre d'État 10 août – 2 décembre 1723(3 mois et 22 jours) Monarque Louis XV Prédécesseur Guillaume Dubois Successeur Louis IV Henri de Bourbon-Condé Régent du Royaume de France 1er septembre 1715 – 15 février 1723(7 ans, 5 mois et 14 jours) Monarque Louis XV Biographie Titre complet Petit-fils d...
Cook Islands international rugby league footballer Rua NgatikauraPersonal informationFull nameRuatapu NgatikauraBorn (2000-05-27) 27 May 2000 (age 23)Campbelltown, Australia[1]Height177 cm (5 ft 10 in)[1]Weight98 kg (216 lb; 15 st 6 lb)[1]Playing informationPositionHooker, Lock Representative Years Team Pld T G FG P 2022– Cook Islands 2 0 0 0 0 Source: [2]As of 22 August 2023 Ruatapu Ngatikaura (born 27 May 200...
2023 video game 2023 video gameStray Gods: The Roleplaying MusicalDeveloper(s)Summerfall StudiosPublisher(s)Humble GamesWriter(s)David GaiderComposer(s)Austin Wintory Montaigne, TripodPlatform(s)WindowsNintendo SwitchPlayStation 4PlayStation 5Xbox OneXbox Series X/SReleaseAugust 10, 2023Genre(s)Roleplaying, musical, narrative adventureMode(s)Single-player Stray Gods: The Roleplaying Musical is a roleplaying musical adventure game developed by Summerfall Studios and published by Humble Games. ...
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Number of seats won by major parties at each election CCF / NDP Liberal Saskatchewan Party Conservative Other Independent Electoral results by parties and independent MLAs (as a percentage of total Legislati...
Fruit of several passion flower species A ripe passion fruit The passion fruit (Portuguese: maracujá and Spanish: maracuyá, both from the Tupi mara kuya fruit that serves itself or food in a cuia) is the fruit of a number of plants in the genus Passiflora.[1][2] Description Passion fruits are round or oval, and range from a width of 1.5 to 3 inches (3.81 to 7.62 centimetres).[1] They can be yellow, red, purple, and green.[1] History The passion fruit was firs...
Full-scale anthropomorphic test devices that simulate human bodies in vehicle crash testing For the band, see Crash Test Dummies. For the series of toys, see The Incredible Crash Dummies. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may ...
The 16th-century Skálholt Map of Norse America One of Grimspound's hut circles Historical climatology is the study of historical changes in climate and their effect on civilization from the emergence of homininis to the present day. This differs from paleoclimatology which encompasses climate change over the entire history of Earth. These historical impacts of climate change can improve human life and cause societies to flourish, or can be instrumental in civilization's societal collapse. Th...
Spanish actor In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Fernández and the second or maternal family name is Serrano. Manolo SoloSolo at the 32nd Goya Awards in 2018BornManuel Fernández Serrano1964Algeciras, SpainOccupationActor Manuel Fernández Serrano (born 1964), better known as Manolo Solo, is a Spanish actor.[1] Biography Born in Algeciras in 1964, Manuel Fernández Serrano (his real name) was raised in neighbouring Los Barrios until age 6, later moving to ...
Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!