ナノアルカエウム・エクウィタンス

ナノアルカエウム・エクウィタンス
I. hospitalisの表面に付着する
N. equitansの電子顕微鏡写真（右下）
分類
ドメイン : 古細菌 Archaea
階級なし : DPANN上門
門 : ナノ古細菌門"
"Nanoarchaeota"
綱 : 所属不明
目 : "ナノアルカエウム目" "Nanoarchaeales"
科 : "ナノアルカエウム科" "Nanoarchaeaceae"
属 : "ナノアルカエウム属"
Nanoarchaeum
種 : N. エクウィタンス
N. equitans
学名
"Ca. Nanoarchaeum equitans"
Huber et al., 2002（暫定名）

ナノアルカエウム・エクウィタンス(Nanoarchaeum equitans)は、2002年に発見された超好熱古細菌の一種である。古細菌Ignicoccus hospitalisの表面に付着して生育する。16S rRNA系統解析から、門レベルで既存の古細菌とは異なると考えられている[1]。

2002年、アイスランド北部コルベインセイ海嶺の水深120mから採取したサンプルを培養していた研究者が、培養された古細菌Ignicoccus sp.（のちIgnicoccus hospitalisとして記載）の表面に付着している小さな生物を見つけた[1]。この生物は、直径400nmと非常に小型で、16S rRNA系統解析から古細菌と考えられたものの、当時既知であった古細菌3界のいずれにも属していない未知系統であることがわかった[1]。これがNanoarchaeum equitansの発見である。命名は、属名がギリシャ語で「小人」を意味するνάνος (nanos)とarchaeum（古細菌）の合成語、種形容語がラテン語で「（馬に）乗る」を意味するequitoエクゥィトーの分詞形である[1]。ただし、正式な記載はされていない。

性質としては、完全にI. hospitalisに依存している寄生体であり、宿主が存在しなければ増殖できない。実験では他のIgnicoccus属菌の存在下やI. hospitalisの細胞破砕液中、半透膜でI. hospitalisと区切った培養液中でも増殖しなかった。70-98℃の嫌気条件下でI. hospitalisと共存するときにのみ増殖する[1]。なお、宿主であるI. hospitalisは増殖能力が明らかに低下する。

単独での増殖が困難な理由としては、ほとんどのアミノ酸、ヌクレオチド、脂肪酸、補酵素の代謝経路を備えていないためと考えられる[2]。ゲノムサイズは0.49Mb(49万885塩基対)[2]で、Mycoplasma genitalium（0.58Mb）よりも小さなゲノムしか持っておらず、2006年に Candidatus カルソネラ・ルディアイ（0.16Mb。細胞内偏性寄生生物）のゲノムが解析されるまでは、最小の生物として知られていた[2]。ただし推定遺伝子数はM. genitaliumよりも多い[2]。

参考文献

  • Huber, H., Hohn, M. J., Stetter, K. O. & Rachel, R. (2003). “The phylum Nanoarchaeota: present knowledge and future perspectives of a unique form of life”. Res. Microbiol 154 (3): 165-71. PMID 12706504. 
  1. ^ a b c d e Huber, H., Hohn, M. J., Rachel, R., Fuchs, T., Wimmer, V. C., Stetter, K. O (2002). “A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic symbiont”. Nature 417 (6884): 63–7. PMID 11986665. 
  2. ^ a b c d Waters, E., Hohn, M. J., Ahel, I., Graham, D. E., Adams, M. D., Barnstead, M., Beeson, K. Y., Bibbs, L., Bolanos, R., Keller, M., Kretz, K., Lin, X., Mathur, E., Ni, J., Podar, M., Richardson, T., Sutton, G. G., Simon, M., Soll, D., Stetter, K. O., Short, J. M., Noordewier, M. (2003). “The genome of Nanoarchaeum equitans: insights into early archaeal evolution and derived parasitism”. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 (22): 12984–8. PMID 14566062. 
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この項目は、古細菌に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（Portal:生き物と自然／ウィキプロジェクト 生物）。

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