ナノアルカエウム・エクウィタンス

ナノアルカエウム・エクウィタンス
I. hospitalisの表面に付着する
N. equitans電子顕微鏡写真(右下)
分類
ドメイン : 古細菌 Archaea
階級なし : DPANN上門
: ナノ古細菌門"
"Nanoarchaeota"
: 所属不明
: "ナノアルカエウム目" "Nanoarchaeales"
: "ナノアルカエウム科" "Nanoarchaeaceae"
: "ナノアルカエウム属"
Nanoarchaeum
: N. エクウィタンス
N. equitans
学名
"Ca. Nanoarchaeum equitans"
Huber et al., 2002(暫定名)

ナノアルカエウム・エクウィタンス(Nanoarchaeum equitans)は、2002年に発見された超好熱古細菌の一種である。古細菌Ignicoccus hospitalisの表面に付着して生育する。16S rRNA系統解析から、レベルで既存の古細菌とは異なると考えられている[1]

2002年、アイスランド北部コルベインセイ海嶺の水深120mから採取したサンプルを培養していた研究者が、培養された古細菌Ignicoccus sp.(のちIgnicoccus hospitalisとして記載)の表面に付着している小さな生物を見つけた[1]。この生物は、直径400nmと非常に小型で、16S rRNA系統解析から古細菌と考えられたものの、当時既知であった古細菌3界のいずれにも属していない未知系統であることがわかった[1]。これがNanoarchaeum equitansの発見である。命名は、属名がギリシャ語で「小人」を意味するνάνος (nanos)とarchaeum(古細菌)の合成語、種形容語がラテン語で「(馬に)乗る」を意味するequitoエクゥィトー分詞形である[1]。ただし、正式な記載はされていない。

性質としては、完全にI. hospitalisに依存している寄生体であり、宿主が存在しなければ増殖できない。実験では他のIgnicoccus属菌の存在下やI. hospitalisの細胞破砕液中、半透膜でI. hospitalisと区切った培養液中でも増殖しなかった。70-98℃の嫌気条件下でI. hospitalisと共存するときにのみ増殖する[1]。なお、宿主であるI. hospitalisは増殖能力が明らかに低下する。

単独での増殖が困難な理由としては、ほとんどのアミノ酸ヌクレオチド脂肪酸補酵素の代謝経路を備えていないためと考えられる[2]。ゲノムサイズは0.49Mb(49万885塩基対)[2]で、Mycoplasma genitalium(0.58Mb)よりも小さなゲノムしか持っておらず、2006年Candidatus カルソネラ・ルディアイ(0.16Mb。細胞内偏性寄生生物)のゲノムが解析されるまでは、最小の生物として知られていた[2]。ただし推定遺伝子数はM. genitaliumよりも多い[2]

参考文献

  • Huber, H., Hohn, M. J., Stetter, K. O. & Rachel, R. (2003). “The phylum Nanoarchaeota: present knowledge and future perspectives of a unique form of life”. Res. Microbiol 154 (3): 165-71. PMID 12706504. 
  1. ^ a b c d e Huber, H., Hohn, M. J., Rachel, R., Fuchs, T., Wimmer, V. C., Stetter, K. O (2002). “A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic symbiont”. Nature 417 (6884): 63–7. PMID 11986665. 
  2. ^ a b c d Waters, E., Hohn, M. J., Ahel, I., Graham, D. E., Adams, M. D., Barnstead, M., Beeson, K. Y., Bibbs, L., Bolanos, R., Keller, M., Kretz, K., Lin, X., Mathur, E., Ni, J., Podar, M., Richardson, T., Sutton, G. G., Simon, M., Soll, D., Stetter, K. O., Short, J. M., Noordewier, M. (2003). “The genome of Nanoarchaeum equitans: insights into early archaeal evolution and derived parasitism”. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 (22): 12984–8. PMID 14566062. 

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