Plan de Estabilización de 1959

A simboleggiare la fine dell'isolamento internazionale della Spagna franchista ci fu la celebre visita del presidente Eisenhower in Spagna del dicembre 1959.[1]

Il Plan de Estabilización de 1959 ("Piano di stabilizzazione del 1959", in spagnolo anche: "Plan Nacional de Económica") è stato un piano di riforme economiche elaborato nel 1959 da dei 'tecnocrati' nominati da Francisco Franco per rilanciare l'economia spagnola.[2][3]

Descrizione

Antefatti

Nel dopoguerra la Spagna si trovava ancora in uno stato pesantemente arretrato, nonostante non avesse partecipato alla seconda guerra mondiale. Franco aveva mantenuto anche per buona parte degli anni '50 un regime economico di autarchia e di isolamento politico rispetto al resto del mondo, il che aveva portato la situazione socio-economica a peggiorare ulteriormente.

A partire dal 1953 iniziò una collaborazione militare con gli Stati Uniti (con la firma degli accordi di Madrid), per via dello sviluppo della guerra fredda, e l'economia cominciò a riprendersi[4], ma restavano gli annosi problemi della svalutazione della Peseta, dell'inflazione alta e di un mercato nero sviluppato.

Nella seconda metà degli anni '50 il governo spagnolo, rimpastato eliminando gli elementi più nazionalisti, cominciò a vare diverse riforme economiche che sostituirono la precedente autarchia con un sistema semicapitalistico ben più dinamico: nel 1957 fu fissato il tasso di cambio a 42 Pesete per dollaro, varate alcune riforme per contenere la spesa pubblica e promuovere l'ingresso del paese nelle principali organizzazioni economiche internazionali.

Ulteriori manifestazioni anche internazionali e scioperi dei lavoratori nei mesi successivi indussero le autorità a vare un piano ancora più radicale di riforme.

Il piano

Contenuto nel decreto-legge n. 10/1959 del 21 luglio 1959 e pubblicato il giorno dopo nel BoE[3], tale piano consisteva in:

  • Fissazione del tasso di cambio a 60 pesete per un dollaro statunitense;
  • Forte riduzione dell'inflazione attraverso l'aumento dei tassi di interesse, il congelamento degli stipendi e la limitazione della concessione dei prestiti bancari;
  • Nuova legge per la promozione degli investimenti esteri, con il permesso agli investitori internazionali di partecipare nelle società spagnole;
  • Diminuzione del deficit pubblico, con una riforma fiscale volta ad aumentare le entrate tributarie e dei tagli alla spesa pubblica.

Conseguenze

PIL pro-capite della Spagna e degli altri paesi industrializzati (1913-1990). Si nota nettamente il "miracolo economico spagnolo del 1960-1973.

Il "piano di stabilizzazione" produsse degli effetti sia positivi - un surplus nella bilancia dei pagamenti, aumento delle riserve estere, velocissima riduzione dell'inflazione, importante aumento degli investimenti esteri - sia negativi, come la recessione dei successivi due anni.

Nel loro complesso queste misure consentirono di avviare un periodo noto come il "miracolo economico spagnolo" (realizzato anche grazie al coordinamento anche con l'Instituto Nacional de Industria o INI, la grande holding pubblica che controllava molte imprese strategiche), che va all'incirca dal 1960 fino al 1974, con lo scoppio della prima crisi petrolifera.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) EISENHOWER IS HAILED IN MADRID, in The New York TImes, 22 dicembre 1959, p. 1.
  2. ^ (ES) Miguel Ángel Noceda, Los 'brotes verdes' del 59, in El País, 26 luglio 2009. URL consultato il 20 luglio 2024.
  3. ^ a b (ES) DECRETO-LEY 10/1959 de 21 de julio, de ordenación económica (PDF), in Boletín Oficial del Estado, n. 174, 22 luglio 1959.
  4. ^ (EN) Spanish economic growth in the long run: What historical national accounts show, su CEPR, 21 dicembre 2016. URL consultato il 20 luglio 2024.

Voci correlate

Collegamenti esterni

Read other articles:

Greek mythology goddesses of the seasons and time For other uses, see Hora (disambiguation). For the former Japanese town, see Horai, Aichi. Dionysus leading the Horae (Neo-Attic Roman relief, 1st century) In Greek mythology the Horae (/ˈhɔːriː/) or Horai (/ˈhɔːraɪ/) or Hours (Greek: Ὧραι, translit. Hōrai, pronounced [hɔ̂ːraj], Seasons) were the goddesses of the seasons and the natural portions of time. Etymology The term horae comes from the Proto-Indo-European *y

 

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2021) المشاكل الخاصة بالنوم عند النساء عبر دورة الحياة. حيث تؤكد البيانات الذاتية والموضوعية على زيادة خطر تعرض النساء لمشاكل النوم على اختلاف أنواعها في مراحل الح

 

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Nothing Less Than Brilliant – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) 1994 compilation album by Sandie ShawNothing Less Than BrilliantCompilation album by Sandie ShawReleased1994GenrePopLabelVirginSandie Shaw chronology Hel...

مايكل دينس روهان   معلومات شخصية تاريخ الميلاد 1 يوليو 1941(1941-07-01) الوفاة 1995 (العمر 53 - 54 سنة)سيدني  مواطنة أستراليا  اللغات الإنجليزية  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   مايكل دينس روهان (بالإنجليزية: Denis Michael Rohan)‏ مواطن أسترالي من مواليد (1 يوليو 1941) اشتهر عالميّا في 21 أغسطس 1969 ب...

 

село Ясенове Друге Церква в ЯсеновіЦерква в Ясенові Країна  Україна Область Одеська область Район  Подільський район Громада Зеленогірська селищна громада Код КАТОТТГ UA51120070110057627 Основні дані Засноване 1880 Населення 1919 Площа 3,657 км² Густота населення 524,75 осіб/...

 

この記事には複数の問題があります。改善やノートページでの議論にご協力ください。 出典がまったく示されていないか不十分です。内容に関する文献や情報源が必要です。(2020年7月) 脚注による出典や参考文献の参照が不十分です。脚注を追加してください。(2020年7月)出典検索?: アメリカン・キックボクシング・アカデミー – ニュース · 書籍...

Генеральний прокурор Російської Федерації Символіка Прокуратури Росії Посаду обіймаєІгор Красноввід 22 січня 2020 рокуРезиденція Колишня міська садиба Воронцових-РаєвськихМісце Москва  РосіяПризначає призначається на посаду після консультацій з Радою Федерації ...

 

Video game series by BioWare (2009-present) For other uses, see Dragon Age (disambiguation). Video game seriesDragon AgeGenre(s)Role-playingDeveloper(s)BioWareEA2DEdge of RealityTransGamingCapital GamesFailbetter GamesPublisher(s)Electronic ArtsCreator(s)David Gaider and BioWarePlatform(s) Xbox 360 Microsoft Windows PlayStation 3 OS X Flash Facebook Platform iOS Android Google+ PlayStation 4 Xbox One First releaseDragon Age: OriginsNovember 3, 2009Latest releaseDragon Age: InquisitionNovember...

 

Ben Yehuda Street, Jerusalem bombings Car bomb explosion on Ben Yehuda Street, Jerusalem, February 22, 1948 A series of attacks were perpetrated or ordered by Palestinian Arabs, some of them acting as suicide bombers, on Jewish targets in Jerusalem's Ben Yehuda Street from February 1948 onwards. Ben Yehuda Street was a major thoroughfare. 1948 (49-58 killed) 1948 Ben Yehuda Street bombingLocationBen Yehuda Street, JerusalemDateFebruary 22, 1948TargetPedestrian shopping mallAttack typecar bomb...

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɱ⟩ in IPA Voiced labiodental nasalɱm̪IPA Number115Audio sample source · helpEncodingEntity (decimal)ɱUnicode (hex)U+0271X-SAMPAFBraille Image The voiced labiodental nasal is a type of consonantal sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɱ⟩. The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter m with a leftward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter. Occasionally it is inst...

 

This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: IEEE William E. Newell Power Electronics Award – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) IEEE William E. Newell Power Electronics AwardAwarded forOutstanding contribution(s) to the advancement of power electronicsPresented byInstitute of...

 

Coulevrines moyennes (Middle culverins), French work at the time of Francis I, 1520, caliber: 82mm and 77mm, length: 295cm, weight 617kg, ammunition: 1.5kg iron ball. A Fauconneau, which was to become the smallest of the Calibres de France. Bronze, French manufacture, 1510. Caliber: 32mm, length: 106cm, weight: 25kg, ammunition: iron ball. The Calibres de France (French calibers) was a system of standardization of cannons in France, established by King Francis I of France from about 1525.[...

1958 novel Murder Plan Six First editionAuthorJohn BinghamCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishGenreThrillerPublisherGollanczPublication date1958Media typePrint Murder Plan Six is a 1958 thriller novel by the British writer John Bingham.[1] It was released in the United States by Dodd Mead the following year. Synopsis A thriller writer reveals the plot of his latest novel to his publisher, who becomes concerned that it may be based on a real crime. References ^ Reilly p.121 Biblio...

 

Niet te verwarren met het gelijknamige gerechtelijk arrondissement Antwerpen en Kiesarrondissement Antwerpen. Antwerpen Arrondissement in België Geografie Gewest Vlaanderen Provincie Antwerpen Oppervlakte 1000,31 km² Coördinaten 51°15'NB, 4°30'OL Bevolking (bron: ADSEI) Inwoners– Mannen– Vrouwen– Bevolkingsdichtheid 1.078.084 (01/01/2023) 49,54% 50,46% 1073,52 inw./km² Buitenlanders 15,83% (01/01/2022) Economie Gemiddeld inkomen 20.104 euro/inw. (2020) Werkloosheids...

 

River in BrazilJacaré-Pepira RiverWaterfall of the river near BrotasLocationCountryBrazilPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationSão Paulo state Mouth  • locationTietê River • coordinates21°54′47″S 48°53′15″W / 21.91306°S 48.88750°W / -21.91306; -48.88750Length174 km (108 mi)[1] The Jacaré-Pepira River is a river of São Paulo state in southeastern Brazil. It flows into t...

Cet article est une ébauche concernant la route et Tunis. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. La ville de Tunis est traversée de nombreuses rues, avenues et places. Elles n'ont pas de plaques nominatives avant les décrets du 13 octobre 1883 et du 1er avril 1885, lorsqu'une décision est prise concernant leurs dénominations[1]. L'origine des noms attribués est alors variée : artisanale, prof...

 

Building in Florida, United States United States historic placeFort Homer W. Hesterly National Guard ArmoryU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of FloridaShow map of the United StatesLocationTampa, FloridaCoordinates27°56′58″N 82°29′02″W / 27.949525°N 82.484016°W / 27.949525; -82.484016NRHP reference No.13000852[1]Added to NRHPOctober 23, 2013[1] Fort Homer W. Hesterly is a historic building at 522 North Howard Avenue...

 

Not to be confused with Watermark (2013 film). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Watermarks film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2004 filmWatermarksDirected byYaron ZilbermanWritten byRonen DorfanYaron Zilberman...

Professional credential offered by the CFA Institute The Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) program is a postgraduate professional certification offered internationally by the US-based CFA Institute (formerly the Association for Investment Management and Research, or AIMR) to investment and financial professionals. The program teaches a wide range of subjects relating to advanced investment analysis—including security analysis, statistics, probability theory, fixed income, derivatives, econo...

 

Part of a series on theCulture of Iran HistoryPeopleLanguagesSymbolsFestivalsWorld Heritage Sites MythologyFolklore PhilosophyAstronomy ReligionIrreligion Arts ArchitectureLiteratureMusic (Dastgah)DanceTheaterCinemaGardensVisual art history (Modern art, Miniature painting) Handicrafts EmbroideryCalligraphyCarpetPottery,Jewelry Cuisine Balochi cuisineCaspian cuisineKurdish cuisine Iran portalvte Iranian folklore encompasses the folk traditions that have evolved in Greater Iran. Oral legends A ...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!