Orest Chvol'son

Orest Danilovič Chvol'son

Orest Danilovič Chvol'son o Chwolson (in russo Орест Данилович Хвольсон?; San Pietroburgo, 4 dicembre 1852Leningrado, 11 marzo 1934) è stato un fisico russo. Membro onorario dell'Accademia delle scienze sovietica (1920), è noto soprattutto per essere stato uno dei primi a studiare l'effetto delle lenti gravitazionali.[1]

Biografia

Orest Chvol'son, figlio dell'orientalista Daniel Chvol'son, si laureò all'Università statale di San Pietroburgo nel 1873. Iniziò ad insegnare nella sua alma mater nel 1876 e divenne professore nel 1891. Scrisse opere su elettricità, magnetismo, fotometria e attinometria. Propose i progetti di un attinometro e di un pireliometro, che sarebbero stati utilizzati dalle stazioni meteorologiche russe per molti anni.

Dopo il 1896, Chvol'son fu principalmente impegnato nella scrittura del Corso di fisica (Курс физики) in cinque volumi, che migliorò enormemente l'insegnamento della fisica in tutto il Paese e rimase un libro di testo principale nelle università per gli anni a venire. È stato anche tradotto in tedesco, francese e spagnolo.

La sua realizzazione più nota fu nel 1924, quando pubblicò uno studio sulle lenti gravitazionali su Astronomische Nachrichten, una rivista scientifica sull'astronomia. Nell'articolo menzionò l'«effetto alone» della gravitazione quando la sorgente, la lente e l'osservatore sono in allineamento quasi perfetto[2] (ora indicato come l'anello di Einstein), anche se non discusse esplicitamente l'uso dell'anello come lente.

Il concetto di lenti gravitazionali non ricevette molta attenzione fino al 1936, quando Albert Einstein scrisse dell'effetto lente gravitazionale.[3] L'effetto "alone" di una lente gravitazionale, in cui una sorgente (sole o galassia) produce un anello attorno ad un'altra sorgente, è indicato come anello di Chvol'son[4] o anello di Einstein.

Divenne membro onorario dell'Accademia delle scienze dell'URSS, insignito dell'Ordine della Bandiera rossa del lavoro. Il cratere Khvol'son sulla Luna prende il nome da lui.[2]

Pubblicazioni

Traité de physique, 1906

Note

  1. ^ Tilman Sauer, A brief history of gravitational lensing, su Einstein Online, vol. 4, 2010, p. 1005. URL consultato l'8 agosto 2008 (archiviato dall'url originale il 9 giugno 2009).
  2. ^ a b Christina Turner, The Early History of Gravitational Lensing (PDF), su nd.edu, 14 febbraio 2006 (archiviato dall'url originale il 25 luglio 2008).
  3. ^ Tilman Sauer, Nova Geminorum 1912 and the Origin of the Idea of Gravitational Lensing, in Archive for History of Exact Sciences, vol. 62, n. 1, 2008, pp. 1–22, Bibcode:2008AHES...62....1S, DOI:10.1007/s00407-007-0008-4, arXiv:0704.0963.
  4. ^ Joachim Wambsganss, Gravitational Lensing in Astronomy, in Living Reviews in Relativity, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), 31 agosto 2001 (archiviato dall'url originale il 10 aprile 2016). "Today such a lens configuration is called 'Einstein-ring', although more correctly it should be called 'Chwolson-ring'."

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Controllo di autoritàVIAF (EN17362178 · ISNI (EN0000 0001 1021 8941 · SBN PUVV167383 · LCCN (ENn87144348 · GND (DE101683855 · BNE (ESXX1246096 (data) · BNF (FRcb131784545 (data) · J9U (ENHE987007523034705171 · CONOR.SI (SL174828899

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