MUL.APIN

MUL.APIN è il più importante compendio astronomico/astrologico scritto in Mesopotamia. L'opera prende nome dal suo incipit, che indica il nome della prima costellazione elencata (= "stella dell'Aratro"; infatti: mul=stella e apin=aratro in lingua sumera), corrispondente probabilmente al Triangulum con l'aggiunta di Gamma Andromedae.

Elaborazione e trasmissione del testo

La composizione del MUL.APIN è solitamente collocata intorno al 1000 a.C.[1] o comunque all'epoca neo-assira, cioè ai primi secoli del I millennio a.C. Secondo alcuni studiosi, tuttavia, esso conterrebbe dati del millennio precedente, se non ancora più antichi. Analizzando, infatti, le date annuali di levata e tramonto eliaco delle stelle riportate dal MUL.APIN, la sua redazione potrebbe essere attribuita all'anno 1370±100 a.C.[2][3] . Basandosi, invece, sulle posizioni dei pianeti parte del MUL.APIN può essere datata al giugno 1296 a.C. (altre parti, però, risalirebbero al dicembre 2048 a.C.).[4]

Il MUL.APIN ci è giunto in numerose copie su due tavolette d'argilla. Si trattava, quindi, di un testo culturalmente importante e perciò molto diffuso. La copia più antica è del 686 a.C. e la più recente del 300 a.C. circa. Le ultime righe sembrano indicare che il testo proseguisse con una terza tavoletta, oggi perduta, di contenuto principalmente astrologico.

Contenuto

Secondo alcuni studiosi, fra cui David Brown, il testo descrive deliberatamente un cosmo idealizzato, da cui le osservazioni reali si discostano inevitabilmente. L'ampiezza dello scostamento poteva essere materiale per valutazioni astrologiche. Per questo motivo l'anno era considerato di 360 giorni, composto di 12 mesi di 30 giorni ciascuno, ed era suddiviso in parti uguali da equinozi (che cadevano il giorno 15 del I e VII mese) e da solstizi (il 15 del IV e X mese). Il MUL.APIN nomina 66 stelle/costellazioni (non è sempre chiaro quale significato debba essere inteso) assegnate alle principali divinità del pantheon mesopotamico[5] e ripartite in tre "sentieri":

  • Il sentiero di Enlil, composto dalle 33 stelle/costellazioni più settentrionali
  • Il sentiero di Anu, composto da 23 stelle/costellazioni
  • Il sentiero di Ea, composto dalle 15 stelle/costellazioni più meridionali.

Questi "sentieri" sono porzioni orientali dell'orizzonte, entro cui all'alba nel corso dell'anno si vedono sorgere le costellazioni assegnate al sentiero stesso (levata eliaca). Ogni costellazione corrisponde a un mese dell'anno lunare, ma ciò è causa di imprecisione perché i mesi lunari hanno una collocazione variabile entro l'anno solare e perciò la data lunare di levata eliaca di una stella è leggermente diversa da un anno all'altro. Secondo il MUL.APIN il Sole resta per un quarto dell'anno in un sentiero e poi passa in quello adiacente. Applicando questa definizione le stelle del sentiero di Enlil dovrebbero essere quelle a nord di circa +17° di declinazione, mentre il sentiero di Ea comprenderebbe tutte le stelle a sud di circa −17° di declinazione. Il sentiero di Anu, che si trova tra questi due, dovrebbe contenere stelle intermedie, poste su entrambi i lati dell'equatore celeste.

Note

  1. ^ Questo è per esempio il giudizio di uno dei principali esperti, Hermann Hunger, riportato in varie fonti fra cui Treccani
  2. ^ Bradley E. Schaefer, The Latitude and Epoch for the Origin of the Astronomical Lore in MUL.APIN, 2007, AAS/AAPT Joint Meeting, American Astronomical Society Meeting 210, #42.05
  3. ^ Geoff Brumfiel, Fathers of the zodiac tracked down, su nature.com, Nature, 4 giugno 2007. URL consultato il 29 novembre 2016.
  4. ^ V.S. Tuman, Astronomical Dating of MULAPIN Tablets, in D. Charpin-F. Johannes (éds.), La circulation des biens, des personnes et des idées dans la Proche-Orient ancien, XXXVIII RAI, Paris 1992, p. 401.
  5. ^ L'elenco delle stelle del Mul-Apin e delle corrispondenti divinità, secondo l'identificazione riportata da Gavin White, su geocities.com. URL consultato il 25 ottobre 2009 (archiviato dall'url originale il 25 ottobre 2009).

Bibliografia

  • David Brown, Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology, Cuneiform Monographs, 18, Groningen: Styx, 2000-
  • Hermann Hunger e David Pingree, MUL.APIN: An Astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform, Archiv für Orientforschung 24, Horn, Austria: Ferdinand, Berger, & Söhne, 1989, pp. 89–93.
  • Hermann Hunger, John Steele, The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, New York, Routledge 2019 (edizione del testo e traduzione inglese)-
  • John H. Rogers, "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions", Journal of the British Astronomical Association 108 (1998), pp. 9–28.

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