La Leggenda della nascita di Sargon

La tavola K 3401 conservata al British Museum di Londra, contenente il principale dei quattro manoscritti inerenti alla cosiddetta "Leggenda della nascita di Sargon" (Šarru-kīnu). La tavola fu rinvenuta, insieme ad altre due tavole relative, K 4470 e K 7249, alla metà del XIX secolo, tra i resti della biblioteca reale nel palazzo del re Assurbanipal (Aššur-bāni-apli) a Ninive. Vent'anni dopo, nello stesso sito, fu rinvenuta la tavola Sm 2118 a integrare la K 3401. Un ulteriore, e ultimo, testimone è la tavola BM 47449 rinvenuta a Dailem e conservata sempre al British Museum.

La Leggenda della nascita di Sargon è un testo in lingua neoassira risalente all'VIII secolo a.C., le cui prime due colonne sono state ricostruite per mezzo di tre tavole rinvenute alla metà del XIX secolo tra i resti della biblioteca reale nel palazzo del re Assurbanipal (Aššur-bāni-apli) a Ninive, più un'ulteriore tavola, riferita sempre a frammenti delle prime due colonne, rinvenuta a Dailem (nei pressi di Babilonia).

Il testo racconta le origini e le imprese del fondatore del primo impero semitico (Sargon di Akkad, XXIV sec. a.C.), qui considerato figlio di una importante sacerdotessa e dal padre sconosciuto. Il testo ha probabilmente lo scopo di celebrare, per mezzo di questo antico richiamo all'imperatore accadico, proprio Sargon II, imperatore assiro dell'VIII secolo a.C. che, come il Sargon accadico del XXIV secolo a.C., si presentava come un sovrano nuovo, privo di una eredità accertata.

Il testo conserva il suo particolare interesse anche per l'evidente connessione con il racconto dei natali del Mosè biblico, così come riportato nel libro in lingua ebraica dell'Esodo (Šemot)[1], testo, quello ebraico, non anteriore al VI secolo a.C.[2].

Il testo

Trascrizione del testo neoassiro di Brian Lewis in The Sargon Legend. A Study of the Akkadian Text and the Tale of the Hero Who Was Exposed at Birth (ASOR Dissertation; Cambridge, MA 1980), ripresa in Luigi Santopaolo, Il Bambino e Il Fiume, Roma, Pontificio Istituto Biblico; la traduzione è di Giuseppe Del Monte, in Iscrizioni reali dal Vicino Oriente Antico, Pisa, Università di Pisa, 2004.

Un'ulteriore trascrizione è reperibile in Joan Goodnick Westenholz, Legends of the Kings of Akkade- The Texts. Eisenbrauns Winona Lake, Indiana 1997, mentre una seconda traduzione accademica, quella dell'assiriologo statunitense Joan Goodnick Westenholz, è in nota:[3].

(AKK)

«1. šarrukīn (LUGAL.GI.NA) šarru (LUGAL) dan-nu šar (LUGAL) a-ga-dèki a-na-ku
2. um-mi e-né-tu4 a-bi ul i-de
3. aḫi (ŠEŠ) abī (AD)-ja i-ra-mi šá-da-a
4. a-li urua-zu-pi-ra-a-ni šá i-na aḫi puratti (ìdBURANUN) šak-nu
5. i-ra-an-ni um-mu e-né-tu4 i-na pu-uz-ri ú-lid-an-ni
6. iš-kun-an-ni i-na qup-[pi ] šá šu-ri i-na ittî (A.ESÍR) bābī (KÁ)-ja ip-ḫi
7. id-dan-ni a-[na] [nā ]ri ([Í]D) šá la e-le-e-[a]
8. iš-šá-an-ni nāru (ÍD) a-na mu[ḫḫi ] (U[GU]) [I]aq-qí dālî (A.BAL) ú-bil-a [n-ni ]
9. [I]]aq-qí dālû (A.BAL) i-na ṭí-i [b] d [a-l ]i-[šú l ]u ú-še-la-an-[ni ]
10. [I]aq-qí dālû (A.BAL) a-na ma-ru-ti-[šú ] [l ]u ú-rab-ban-[ni-ma]
11. [I]aq-qí dālû (A.BAL) a-na lúnukaribbū (NU.KIRI6)-ti-šú [lu]-u [i ]š-kun-[an-ni ]
12. [ ina ] nukaribbū (NU.KIRI6)-ti-já dingiriš-tar lu-u [i ]-ra-man-[ni ]-ma
13. [5]4 šanāti (MU.MEŠ) šarrūta (LUGAL-ú-ta) lu-u e-pu-u[š ]
14. [niš ]ê ([UN.M]EŠ) ṣalmāt qaqqadi (SAG.GE6.GA) lu-u a-be-el lu-u áš-[pur ]
15. [šad ]ê ([KUR]-e) dannūti (KALA.MEŠ) ina ak-kul-la-te šá erê (URUDU.ḪI.A) lu-u ár-[ḫi?-iṣ?]
16. [lu ] e-tel-li šá-di-i e-l [u-ti ]
17. [lu ] at-ta-tab-lak-ka-ta šá-di-i šap-l [u-ti ]
18. [ma?]-ti ti-amti lu-ú al-ma-[a] [3]-šú
19. [ti ]lmun ([NI].TUKki) lu-u ik-š [u-ud qa-ti]
20. [a-n]a dêr (BÁD.DINGIRkir) rabî (GAL-i ) [lu e-li ] [lu-u] a [k?...]
21. [ka?]-zal-lu ú-naq-qir-ma […]
22. [man]-nu šarru (LUGAL) [šá ] i-la-a arkī (EGIR)-ja
23. 5[4 šanāti (MU.MEŠ) šarrūta (LUGAL-ú-ta) li-pu-uš ]
24. [niš ]ê ([UN.M]EŠ) ṣalmāt qaqqadi (SAG.GE6.GA) li-b [e-el li-iš-pur]
25. [šad]ê ([KUR]-e) dannūti (KALA.MEŠ) ina ak-kul-l [a-te šá erê (URUDU.ḪI.A) li-ir-ḫi ?-iṣ? ]
26. [l ]i-te-tel-li šadê (KUR.MEŠ) elûti (AN.TA.MEŠ)
27. [littatablakkata šadê (KUR.MEŠ) šaplūti (KI.TA.MEŠ)]
28. m[a? ]-ti ti-amti lil-ma-a šalāšī (3)-šú
29. [tilmun (NI.TUKkii) li-ik-šu-ud qat-su]
30. [a-na d]êr ([B]ÁD.DINGIRki) rabî (GAL.i) li-li-ma
31. […u] l-tu ālī (URU)-já a-ga-[dè kii]
32. [...] šu? ma? náp? ri?»

(IT)

«1. Io sono Sargon, il re potente, re di Akkad.
2. Mia madre era una sacerdotessa-enetum, mio padre non lo conosco,
3. il fratello di mio padre vive sulla montagna;
4. la mia città è Azupiranu che si trova sulla riva dell’Eufrate.
5. Mia madre, la sacerdotessa, mi concepì e mi partorì di nascosto,
6. mi mise in un cesto di canne, ne calafatò l’apertura con bitume
7. e mi affidò al fiume, che non mi sommerse.
8. Il fiume mi portò e mi condusse da Aqqi, il portatore d’acqua:
9. Aqqi, il portatore d’acqua, gettando il suo secchio mi prese su,
10. Aqqi, il portatore d’acqua, mi fece suo figlio e mi crebbe,
11. Aqqi, il portatore d’acqua, mi mise nel suo mestiere di giardiniere.
12. Nel mio mestiere di giardiniere Ishtar mi amò
13. e per 54 anni ho davvero esercitato la regalità,
14. davvero ho governato e guidato le Teste Nere.
15. Ho tagliato con picconi di bronzo possenti montagne,
16. son salito più volte sui monti superiori,
17. ho attraversato più volte i monti inferiori;
18. per tre volte ho fatto il giro dei paesi del mare
19. (e) Dilmun si è [sottomessa a me.
20. Sono salito] sulle grandi mura del cielo (e) della terra
21. (e) ne ho rimosso le pietre.
22. Chi diventerà re dopo di me,
23. [che egli eserciti la regalità per 54 anni],
24. governi le Teste Nere,
25. tagli con picconi di bronzo possenti montagne,
26. salga più volte sui monti superiori,
27. [attraversi più volte i monti inferiori],
28. per tre volte il giro dei paesi del mare,
29. [Dilmun si sottometta a lui]!
30. ]! Che egli salga sulle grandi mura del cielo (e) della terra (e) [ne rimuova le pietre]!
31. …
32. ...»

Note

  1. ^ I primi studiosi ad affrontare questo tema furono George Smith (The Early History of Babylonia, Transactions of The Society of The Biblical Archeology 1, 1872) e H. F. Talbot (A Fragment of Ancient Assyrian Mythology, Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology 1, 1872).
  2. ^ Sulla datazione dei diversi testi che compongono le Bibbie ebraica e cristiana cfr., ad esempio:

    «Oggi un certo consenso è raggiunto, ma chiaramente in via provvisoria, su alcuni punti. Mentre la scomposizione della Genesi e anche di altri libri o di parti di essi, in fonti di diverse età è sempre più problematica, sembrano resistere alcuni elementi acquisiti a partire dalle ricerche di biblisti tedeschi del secolo scorso, ma non senza modifiche e ripensamenti. Fra questi spiccano: la datazione in età monarchica di alcuni Salmi e di certi libri o parti di libri profetici; l'attribuzione a età relativamente tardiva (secondo molti nettamente post-esilica) di una redazione finale del Pentateuco; la visione unitaria dei libri narrativi detti "Profeti anteriori" come opera di una personalità o scuola detta "deutoronimistica" per i suoi rapporti di impostazione ideologica con il Deuteronomio, ultimo libro del Pentateuco; la datazione post-esilica, e certo successiva a quella Deutoronimista, dei due libri delle Cronache. Tuttavia, anche questi punti fermi secondo la maggioranza degli studiosi sono posti oggi in discussione da alcuni studiosi che propongono date più basse, per esempio, per il Pentateuco, e collocano il Deuteronomio in età post-esilica con (ma in altri casi senza) un relativo abbassamento della fonte detta "deutoronimistica"»

  3. ^ Così traduce l'assiriologo statunitense Joan Goodnick Westenholz:

    «1. Sargon, the mighty king, king of Akkade, am I.
    2. My mother was an en-priestess(?), my father I never knew.
    3. My father's brother inhabits the highlands.
    4. My city is Azupirsnu, which lies on the bank of the Euphrates.
    5. She conceived me, my en-priestess mother, in concealment she gave me birth,
    6. She set me in a wicker basket, with bitumen she made my opening watertight,
    7. She cast me down into the river from which I could not ascend.
    8. The river bore me, to Aqqi the water-drawer it brought me.
    9. Aqqi the water-drawer, when lowering his bucket, did lift me up,
    10. Aqqi the water-drawer did raise me as his adopted son,
    11. Aqqi the water-drawer did set me to his gardening.
    12. While I was (still) a gardener, IStar did grow fond of me,
    13. And so for [. . .I years I did reign as king,
    14. The black-headed people, I did rule and govern.
    15. With copper pickaxes, I did cut my way through the (most) difficult mountains.
    16. I did ascend all the high mountains,
    17. I did traverse all the foothills,
    18. The sealands, I did sail around three times.
    19. Dilmun did submit to me (?) . . .
    20. The Great Wall of Heaven and Earth(?), I did ascend.
    21. [(Its very) st]ones(?), I did remove [. . .I
    22. Whatever king will arise after me,
    23. [Let him exercise kingship for x years]!
    24. Let him rule the black-headed people!
    25. Let him cut his way through the (most) difficult mountains with copper pickaxes!
    26. Let him ascend all the high mountains!
    27. [Let him traverse all the foothills]!
    28. Let him circumnavigate the sealands three times!
    29. [Let Dilmun submit to him (?)I!
    30. Let him ascend to the Great Wall of Heaven and Earth(?)!
    31. [Let him remove (its) stones. . . I!
    32. . . . . from my city Akkade.. . .
    33. . . . . like arrows(?) . . .(break)

    »

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