Glutatione perossidasi

glutatione perossidasi
Modello tridimensionale dell'enzima
Modello tridimensionale dell'enzima
Numero EC1.11.1.9
ClasseOssidoreduttasi
Nome sistematico
glutatione:idrogeno-perossido ossidoreduttasi
Altri nomi
GSH perossidasi; selenio-glutatione perossidasi; glutatione ridotto perossidasi
Banche datiBRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, PDB (RCSB PDB PDBe PDBj PDBsum)
Fonte: IUBMB

La glutatione perossidasi è un enzima appartenente alla classe delle ossidoreduttasi, che catalizza la seguente reazione:

2 glutatione + H2O2 glutatione disolfuro + 2 H2O

L'enzima è una proteina contenente un residuo di selenocisteina. Steroidi e lipidi idroperossidi, ma non i prodotti di reazione della lipossigenasi numero EC 1.13.11.12[1] sui fosfolipidi, possono agire come accettori, ma più lentamente di H2O2 (cf. numero EC 1.11.1.12[2] fosfolipide-idroperossido glutatione perossidasi).

Isoenzimi

Vi sono diversi isoenzimi codificati da diversi geni, che variano nella localizzazione cellulare e nella specificità di substrato. La Glutatione perossidasi 1 (GPx1) è la versione più abbondante, presente nei citoplasmi di quasi tutti i tessuti di mammiferi, che ha come substrato preferenziale il perossido di idrogeno. La Glutatione perossidasi 4 (GPx4) ha un'alta preferenza per gli idroperossidi lipidici; viene espressa in quasi ogni cellula di mammiferi, anche se a livelli molto più bassi. La Glutatione perossidasi 2 è un enzima intestinale ed extracellulare, mentre la glutatione perossidasi 3 è extracellulare, specialmente abbondante nel plasma.[3] Fino ad oggi, sono state identificati negli umani otto differenti iso-forme di glutatione perossidasi (GPx1-8).

Gene Locus Enzima
GPX1 Chr. 3 p21.3 glutatione perossidasi 1
GPX2 Chr. 14 q24.1 glutatione perossidasi 2 (gastrointestinale)
GPX3 Chr. 5 q23 glutatione perossidasi 3 (plasma)
GPX4 Chr. 19 p13.3 glutatione perossidasi 4 (idroperossidasi dei fosfolipidi)
GPX5 Chr. 6 p21.32 glutatione perossidasi 5 (nell'epididimo, correlata agli androgeni)
GPX6 Chr. 6 p21 glutatione perossidasi 6 (olfattiva)
GPX7 Chr. 1 p32 glutatione perossidasi 7
GPX8 Chr. 5 q11.2 glutatione perossidasi 8 (putativa)

Struttura

Le proteine GPx1, GPx2, GPx3, e GPx4 dei mammiferi sono enzimi contenenti selenio, mentre la GPx6 è una selenioproteina negli umani con proteine omologhe contenenti cisteina nei roditori. GPx1, GPx2, e GPx3 sono proteine omo-tetrameriche, mentre la GPx4 ha una struttura monomerica. Mentre l'integrità delle membrane cellulari e subcellulari dipende fortemente dalla glutatione perossidasi, il sistema protettivo antiossidativo della stessa glutatione perossidasi dipende fortemente dalla presenza di selenio.

Ruolo nelle malattie

I polimorfismi genetici negli enzimi della glutatione perossidasi e le loro espressioni alterate e attività sono associati con il danno ossidativo al DNA e di conseguenza alla suscettibilità individuale al cancro.[4]

Scoperta

La glutatione perossidasi venne scoperta nel 1957 da Gordon C. Mills.[5]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) 1.13.11.12, in ExplorEnz — The Enzyme Database, IUBMB.
  2. ^ (EN) 1.11.1.12, in ExplorEnz — The Enzyme Database, IUBMB.
  3. ^ Muller FL, Lustgarten MS, Jang Y, Richardson A, Van Remmen H, Trends in oxidative aging theories, in Free Radic. Biol. Med., vol. 43, n. 4, agosto 2007, pp. 477–503, DOI:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.034, PMID 17640558.
  4. ^ Khan MA, Tania M, Zhang D, Chen H, Antioxidant enzymes and cancer, in Chin J Cancer Res, vol. 22, n. 2, 2010, pp. 87–92. URL consultato il 19 settembre 2020 (archiviato dall'url originale il 13 giugno 2018).
  5. ^ MILLS GC, Hemoglobin catabolism. I. Glutathione peroxidase, an erythrocyte enzyme which protects hemoglobin from oxidative breakdown, in J. Biol. Chem., vol. 229, n. 1, novembre 1957, pp. 189–97, PMID 13491573. URL consultato il 22 giugno 2011 (archiviato dall'url originale il 30 maggio 2020).

Bibliografia

  • Chaudiere, J. and Tappel, A.L., Purification and characterization of selenium-glutathione peroxidase from hamster liver, in Arch. Biochem. Biophys., vol. 226, 1983, pp. 448–457, Entrez PubMed 6227287.
  • Grossmann, A. and Wendel, A., Non-reactivity of the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase with enzymatically hydroperoxidized phospholipids, in Eur. J. Biochem., vol. 135, 1983, pp. 549–552, Entrez PubMed 6413205.
  • Nakamura, W., Hosoda, S. and Hayashi, K., Purification and properties of rat liver glutathione peroxidase, in Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol. 358, 1974, pp. 251–261.

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