Compact Muon Solenoid

Large Hadron Collider
(LHC)

La catena degli acceleratori del CERN, organizzati in stadi successivi di accelerazione terminanti con l'iniezione in LHC.
Esperimenti del LHC
ATLASA Toroidal LHC Apparatus
CMSCompact Muon Solenoid
LHCbLHC-beauty
ALICEA Large Ion Collider Experiment
TOTEMTotal Cross Section, Elastic Scattering and Diffraction Dissociation
LHCfLHC-forward
MoEDALMonopole and Exotics Detector At the LHC
FASERForwArd Search ExpeRiment
SNDScattering and Neutrino Detector
Preacceleratori del LHC
p e PbAcceleratori lineari di protoni (Linac 2) e di piombo (Linac 3)
PSB (non mostrato)Proton Synchrotron Booster
PSProton Synchrotron
SPSSuper Proton Synchrotron

L'esperimento Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) è uno dei due grandi rivelatori di particelle di indirizzo generale costruiti sul Large Hadron Collider (LHC) al CERN al confine tra la Svizzera e la Francia. Lo scopo dell'esperimento CMS è compiere ricerche su una vasta gamma di fenomeni fisici, tra cui la ricerca del bosone di Higgs, di dimensioni extra, e delle particelle che potrebbero costituire la materia oscura.

Il CMS è lungo 21 metri, ha un diametro di 15 m, e pesa circa 14000 tonnellate.[1] La collaborazione del CMS, che costruì e ora gestisce il rivelatore, è formata da circa 3800 persone, rappresentanti 199 istituti scientifici e 43 nazioni.[2] Si trova in una caverna sotterranea a Cessy in Francia, poco oltre il confine da Ginevra. A luglio del 2012, insieme ad ATLAS, CMS sembrava che avesse scoperto il bosone di Higgs.[3][4][5] Nel marzo successivo la sua esistenza fu confermata.[6]

Contesto

Esperimenti ai collisori come il Large Electron-Positron Collider e il Large Hadron Collider (LHC) al CERN, nonché il Tevatron al Fermilab (chiuso nel 2011), hanno portato a notevoli scoperte sul, e verifiche di precisione del, modello standard della fisica delle particelle. Il traguardo principe di questi esperimenti (nello specifico del LHC) è la scoperta di una particella compatibile con il bosone di Higgs previsto dal modello standard.[7]

Tuttavia, ci sono ancora molte domande cui si spera di rispondere con i futuri esperimenti ai collisori. Queste comprendono le incertezze nel comportamento matematico del modello standard ad alte energie, verifiche delle teorie proposte della materia oscura (inclusa la supersimmetria), e i motivi per il disequilibrio tra materia e antimateria nell'Universo (asimmetria barionica).

Obiettivi

Panoramica del rivelatore CMS, 100 m sottoterra.

Gli obiettivi dell'esperimento sono:

  • esplorare la fisica nella scala del TeV,
  • approfondire lo studio delle proprietà del bosone di Higgs, già scoperto dal CMS e da ATLAS,
  • cercare indizi per la fisica oltre il modello standard, come la supersimmetria o dimensioni extra,
  • studiare vari aspetti delle collisioni tra ioni pesanti.

L'esperimento ATLAS, dal lato opposto dell'anello del LHC è stato progettato con obiettivi simili, infatti i due esperimenti si complementano a vicenda per allargare il campo di ricerca e per corroborare le scoperte. Per raggiungere questi obiettivi CMS e ATLAS usano un sistema dei magneti di rivelazione diverso.

Descrizione

Dettaglio del rivelatore

L'apparato sperimentale ha dimensioni notevoli: 21,6 metri di lunghezza per 14,6 metri di diametro per un peso totale di circa 12500 tonnellate. È costituito da diversi rivelatori di particelle disposti secondo gusci concentrici intorno al punto di incrocio dei fasci. CMS è un rivelatore ermetico, il che vuol dire che i rivelatori sono disposti in modo da coprire (quasi) tutto l'angolo solido intorno al punto di interazione.

Dal punto di interazione verso l'esterno, i rivelatori che costituiscono CMS sono:

  • il tracciatore (tracker) che misura con precisione le tracce lasciate dalle particelle cariche;
  • il calorimetro elettromagnetico (ECAL) che ha lo scopo di rivelare elettroni e fotoni;
  • il sistema di calorimetri adronici (HCAL e HF), per la misura di jets di adroni;
  • il sistema di camere per muoni (MUON), per la misura dei muoni.

Tracciatore, ECAL e HCAL sono racchiusi all'interno di un magnete solenoide superconduttore che crea un campo magnetico di 4 tesla parallelo all'asse dei fasci. Il campo magnetico permette di curvare le particelle cariche, consentendo la misura del loro impulso e del segno della loro carica. Dopo il collaudo (Magnet Test Cosmic Challenge) per la verifica del magnete e per poter effettuare dei test per non avere problemi nel rilevamento delle particelle dell'esperimento finale. L'avvio dell'acquisizione delle prime collisioni da parte di CMS è stato eseguito con successo; i dati sperimentali, simulati al computer, sono stati confermati sperimentalmente con estrema precisione.

Note

  1. ^ The Compact Muon Solenoid Experiment (PDF), su stfc.ac.uk. URL consultato il 18 ottobre 2014 (archiviato dall'url originale il 18 ottobre 2014).
  2. ^ CMS Collaboration - CMS Experiment, su cms.web.cern.ch. URL consultato il 20 dicembre 2017.
  3. ^ C. Biever, It's a boson! But we need to know if it's the Higgs, in New Scientist, 6 luglio 2012. URL consultato il 9 gennaio 2013.
    «'As a layman, I would say, I think we have it,' said Rolf-Dieter Heuer, director general of CERN at Wednesday's seminar announcing the results of the search for the Higgs boson. But when pressed by journalists afterwards on what exactly 'it' was, things got more complicated. 'We have discovered a boson – now we have to find out what boson it is'
    Q: 'If we don't know the new particle is a Higgs, what do we know about it?' We know it is some kind of boson, says Vivek Sharma of CMS [...]
    Q: 'are the CERN scientists just being too cautious? What would be enough evidence to call it a Higgs boson?' As there could be many different kinds of Higgs bosons, there's no straight answer.
    [emphasis in original]»
  4. ^ T. Siegfried, Higgs Hysteria, in Science News, 20 luglio 2012. URL consultato il 9 dicembre 2012.
    «In terms usually reserved for athletic achievements, news reports described the finding as a monumental milestone in the history of science.»
  5. ^ A. Del Rosso, Higgs: The beginning of the exploration, su CERN Bulletin, 47–48, 19 novembre 2012. URL consultato il 9 gennaio 2013.
    «Even in the most specialized circles, the new particle discovered in July is not yet being called the “Higgs boson". Physicists still hesitate to call it that before they have determined that its properties fit with those the Higgs theory predicts the Higgs boson has.»
  6. ^ C. O'Luanaigh, New results indicate that new particle is a Higgs boson, su home.web.cern.ch, CERN, 14 marzo 2013. URL consultato il 9 ottobre 2013.
  7. ^ The Higgs Boson, su CERN: Accelerating Science, CERN. URL consultato l'11 giugno 2015.

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