Bufonidae

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Bufonidae
Bufo bufo
Classificazione scientifica
DominioEukaryota
RegnoAnimalia
SottoregnoEumetazoa
SuperphylumDeuterostomia
PhylumChordata
SubphylumVertebrata
InfraphylumGnathostomata
SuperclasseTetrapoda
ClasseAmphibia
SottoclasseLissamphibia
OrdineAnura
FamigliaBufonidae
Gray, 1825
Generi
vedi testo
Areale

I Bufonidi (volgarmente detti rospi) (Bufonidae Gray, 1825) sono una famiglia di anfibi anuri che comprende oltre 600 specie, distribuite in tutti i continenti con l'eccezione di Oceania e Antartide.[1][2]

Descrizione

Gli anfibi appartenenti a questa famiglia hanno diverse caratteristiche che li distinguono dalle altre famiglie di anuri, tra le quali: una corporatura tozza, zampe relativamente corte, pelle rugosa. Tra le caratteristiche più evidenti vi sono le pupille disposte orizzontalmente e la completa assenza di denti.

I maschi sono provvisti di un ovario rudimentale, chiamato organo di Bidder, che diventa funzionale nel caso in cui i testicoli dovessero essere danneggiati, rendendo quindi l'animale capace di produrre uova.[senza fonte]

Quasi tutte le specie hanno delle grosse ghiandole dietro gli occhi, le ghiandole parotidi. Queste secernono sostanze tossiche quando l'animale viene disturbato. Il veleno è composto da un miscuglio di sostanze raggruppate sotto il nome di bufotossine. Sia la composizione che la pericolosità del veleno variano da specie a specie ed esso può in alcuni casi risultare allucinogeno o addirittura mortale per l'uomo.[senza fonte]

Distribuzione e habitat

I bufonidi hanno una distribuzione subcosmopolita essendo presenti in quasi tutto il mondo, con l'eccezione dell'Oceania, dell'Antartide e del Madagascar.[2]

In Australia è stato introdotto dall'uomo, con intenti di lotta biologica, il rospo delle canne, animale originario del Nuovo mondo.[senza fonte]

Tassonomia

La famiglia comprende 642 specie divise in 52 generi, con 1 specie a collocazione incerta:[1]

  • Adenomus Cope, 1861 (2 sp.)
  • Altiphrynoides Dubois, 1987 (2 sp.)
  • Amazophrynella Fouquet, Recoder, Teixeira, Cassimiro, Amaro, Camacho, Damasceno, Carnaval, Moritz, and Rodrigues, 2012 (13 sp.)
  • Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845 (25 sp.)
  • Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (38 sp.)
  • Atelopus Duméril and Bibron, 1841 (99 sp.)
  • Barbarophryne Beukema, de Pous, Donaire-Barroso, Bogaerts, Garcia-Porta, Escoriza, Arribas, El Mouden, and Carranza, 2013 (1 sp.)
  • Beduka Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021 (2 sp.)
  • Blaira Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021 (2 sp.)
  • Blythophryne Chandramouli, Vasudevan, Harikrishnan, Dutta, Janani, Sharma, Das, and Aggarwal, 2016 (1 sp.)
  • Bufo Garsault, 1764 (22 sp.)
  • Bufoides Pillai and Yazdani, 1973 (2 sp.)
  • Bufotes Rafinesque, 1814 (15 sp.)
  • Capensibufo Grandison, 1980 (5 sp.)
  • Churamiti Channing and Stanley, 2002 (1 sp.)
  • Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870 (16 sp.)
  • Didynamipus Andersson, 1903 (1 sp.)
  • Duttaphrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006 (28 sp.)
  • Epidalea Cope, 1864 (1 sp.)
  • Frostius Cannatella, 1986 (2 sp.)
  • Incilius Cope, 1863 (39 sp.)
  • Ingerophrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006 (12 sp.)
  • Laurentophryne Tihen, 1960 (1 sp.)
  • Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843 (3 sp.)
  • Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961 (31 sp.)
  • Mertensophryne Tihen, 1960 (14 sp.)
  • Metaphryniscus Señaris, Ayarzagüena, and Gorzula, 1994 (1 sp.)
  • Nannophryne Günther, 1870 (4 sp.)
  • Nectophryne Buchholz and Peters, 1875 (2 sp.)
  • Nectophrynoides Noble, 1926 (13 sp.)
  • Nimbaphrynoides Dubois, 1987 (1 sp.)
  • Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895 (8 sp.)
  • Osornophryne Ruiz-Carranza and Hernández-Camacho, 1976 (11 sp.)
  • Parapelophryne Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2003 (1 sp.)
  • Pedostibes Günther, 1876 (1 sp.)
  • Pelophryne Barbour, 1938 (13 sp.)
  • Peltophryne Fitzinger, 1843 (14 sp.)
  • Phrynoidis Fitzinger in Treitschke, 1842 (2 sp.)
  • Poyntonophrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006 (11 sp.)
  • Pseudobufo Tschudi, 1838 (1 sp.)
  • Rentapia Chan, Grismer, Zachariah, Brown, and Abraham, 2016 (3 sp.)
  • Rhaebo Cope, 1862 (14 sp.)
  • Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 (92 sp.)
  • Sabahphrynus Matsui, Yambun, and Sudin, 2007 (1 sp.)
  • Schismaderma Smith, 1849 (2 sp.)
  • Sclerophrys Tschudi, 1838 (46 sp.)
  • Sigalegalephrynus Smart, Sarker, Arifin, Harvey, Sidik, Hamidy, Kurniawan, and Smith, 2017 (5 sp.)
  • Strauchbufo Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2012 (1 sp.)
  • Truebella Graybeal and Cannatella, 1995 (2 sp.)
  • Vandijkophrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006 (6 sp.)
  • Werneria Poche, 1903 (6 sp.)
  • Wolterstorffina Mertens, 1939 (3 sp.)
  • Incertae sedis

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Frost D.R. et al., Bufonidae Gray, 1825, in Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0, New York, American Museum of Natural History, 2014. URL consultato il 26 agosto 2022.
  2. ^ a b (EN) Pramuk, J.B., Robertson, T., Sites Jr, J.W. & Noonan, B.P., Around the world in 10 million years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae) (PDF) [collegamento interrotto], in Global Ecology and Biogeography, vol. 17, 2008, pp. 72–83.

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