Beta-catenina

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Beta-catenina
Ricostruzione della struttura della β-catenina
Gene
HUGOCTNNB; FLJ25606&submit=Submit CTNNB1; CTNNB; FLJ25606
LocusChr. 3 - 41.26 p41.22 - 41.26
Proteina
UniProtP35222

La β-catenina è una subunità del complesso proteico della caderina ed è il punto centrale del pathway Wnt\b-catenina, associato alla sopravvivenza cellulare. È codificata dal gene CTNNB1. Nella Drosophila, l'omologa proteina è chiamata armadillo.

La β-catenina fa parte della famiglia delle proteine armadillo, caratterizzata dalla presenza di una serie di domini aminoacidici con capacità di omo – eterodimerizzazione.

Tale proteina svolge numerose funzioni. È importante per la stabilizzazione del citoscheletro e per la stabilità delle giunzioni intercellulari dove interagisce con la caderina o con l'alfa-catenina. Inoltre svolge il ruolo di fattore trascrizionale nella via di segnalazione denominata wingless/Wnt.

Ruolo nella via di segnalazione Wnt\β-catenina

Negli esseri umani, fisiologicamente, in assenza del ligando Wnt, la β-catenina interagisce con un complesso proteico formato da APC, AXIN1, AXIN2, la proteina fosfato 2 e GSK3B. Quest'ultimo fosforila i residui terminali di serina e treonina della β-catenina e ne provoca l'ubiquitinazione con la conseguente degradazione tramite il proteasoma. In presenza del ligando Wnt che interagisce con il recettore di membrana Frizzled, invece, il complesso proteico è inibito e la β-catenina non viene degradata. Quindi essa entra nel nucleo ed interagisce con molti fattori trascrizionali tra cui quelli della famiglia TCF(T-cell factor)/LEF(lymphoid enhancing factor), portando ad attivare i geni responsivi del pathway Wnt. In generale l'attivazione della β-catenina innesca meccanismi di crescita e resistenza all'apoptosi attivando geni c-MYC e la ciclina D1.[1]. In riferimento a quest'ultimo aspetto, il gene che codifica per la β-catenina è considerato un oncogene[2]. Un incremento di β-catenina è sovente riscontrabile nel carcinoma a cellule basali e soprattutto nel cancro del colon-retto[3].

Altre funzioni

Blocca l'anoikis di cellule tumorali epiteliali derivanti da rene o intestino e promuove la loro crescita ancoraggio-dipendente tramite l'inibizione di DAPK2.

È coinvolta nel pathway CDK2/PTPN6/CTNNB1/CEACAM1 dell'internalizzazione dell'insulina.

Note

  1. ^ N. Nishida and A. Goel. "Genetic and epigenetic signatures in human hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review." in Current Genimics (2011) Apr;12(2):130-7. Entrez PubMed 21966251
  2. ^ Wang X, Goode EL, Fredericksen ZS, et al, Association of genetic variation in genes implicated in the beta-catenin destruction complex with risk of breast cancer, in Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., vol. 17, n. 8, agosto 2008, pp. 2101–8, DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0134, PMID 18708403.
  3. ^ G. Saldanha, V. Ghura, L. Potter and A. Fletcher. "Nuclear beta-catenin in basal cell carcinoma correlates with increased proliferation" in The British Journal of Dermatology (2004) Volume 151, pages 157-164. Entrez PubMed 15270885

Bibliografia

  • DeVita, Hellman, Lawrence, DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology (8ª edizione), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008, ISBN 978-0-7817-7207-5.
  • Gianni Bonadonna, Gioacchino Robustelli Della Cuna, Pinuccia Valgussa, Medicina oncologica (8ª edizione), Milano, Elsevier Masson, 2007, ISBN 978-88-214-2814-2.

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