Aurotioglucosio

Aurotioglucosio
Nome IUPAC
oro(I) (2S,3S,4R,5S)-3,4,5-triidrossi-6-(idrossimetil)-ossano-2-tiolato
Nomi alternativi
Tioglucosio d'oro, Solganal, Auromioso
Caratteristiche generali
Formula bruta o molecolareC6H11AuO5S
Massa molecolare (u)392.181 g/mol
Numero CAS12192-57-3
Numero EINECS235-365-7
PubChem6104
DrugBankDBDB09121
SMILES
C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)[S-])O)O)O)O.[Au+]
Indicazioni di sicurezza

L'aurotioglucosio, noto anche come tioglucosio d'oro, è un composto chimico con la formula AuSC6H11O5. Questo derivato del glucosio è stato usato in passato per trattare l'artrite reumatoide.

Storia

Nel corso della storia, l'oro è stato un componente ampiamente adoperato per curare diverse malattie, nonostante la sua efficacia non fosse mai stata confermata. Nel 1935, i farmaci a base di oro furono segnalati per essere efficaci nel trattamento dell'artrite reumatoide.[1] Sebbene molti pazienti avessero reagito positivamente al farmaco, l'aurotioglucosio non aveva una efficacia uniforme.

Negli Stati Uniti solo un farmaco a base di oro è attualmente in uso in ambito clinico: l'auranofin, anche se l'aurotiomalato di sodio (tiomalato di sodio d'oro) e l'aurotioglucosio sono stati in uso fino a poco tempo fa.

Nel 2001, l'aurotioglucosio è stato ritirato dal mercato olandese, dove era stata l'unica preparazione iniettabile di oro disponibile sin dal 1943. Questo ha costretto gli ospedali a cambiare terapia per un gran numero di pazienti spostandosi verso l'aurotiomalato.[2] Il farmaco era in uso da oltre 70 anni e anche dopo quattro anni dalla sua improvvisa scomparsa dal mercato le ragioni sono rimaste poco chiare.[3]

Chimica medicinale

Il tioglucosio d'oro presenta l'oro nello stato di ossidazione di + I, come altri tiolati di oro. È una specie solubile in acqua, non ionica, che si presume esista sotto forma di polimero.[1] In condizioni fisiologiche, una reazione di ossidoriduzione porta alla formazione di oro metallico e derivati dell'acido solfinico del tioglucosio.

2 AuSTg → 2 Au + TgSSTg
TgSSTg + H2O → TgSOH + TgSH
2 TgSOH → TgSO2H + TgSH
Complessivamente:
2 H2O + 4 AuSTg → 4 Au + TgSO2H + 3 TgSH

(dove AuSTg = tioglucosio d'oro, TgSSTg = disolfuro di tioglucosio, TgSO2H = derivato dell'acido solfinico di tioglucosio)

Preparazione

Il tioglucosio d'oro può essere preparato trattando il bromuro d'oro con una soluzione di tioglucosio satura di anidride solforosa. Il tioglucosio d'oro viene precipitato con metanolo e ricristallizzato con acqua e metanolo.

Osservazioni varie

In ricerche recenti, è stato scoperto che l'iniezione di tioglucosio d'oro induce l'obesità nei topi.[4] In aggiunta sembra che l'aurotioglucosio abbia un'interazione con il farmaco antimalarico idrossiclorochina.

Note

  1. ^ a b Shaw, III C. F., Gold-Based Therapeutic Agents, in Chemical Reviews, vol. 99, n. 9, 1999, pp. 2589–600, DOI:10.1021/cr980431o, PMID 11749494.
  2. ^ Parenteral gold preparations.
  3. ^ A Klinkhoff, An editorial is a golden opportunity, in The Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 32, n. 6, 2005, pp. 978–9, PMID 15940754.
  4. ^ Hypolipidemic effect of pantothenic acid derivatives in mice with hypothalamic obesity induced by aurothioglucose., in Exp Toxicol Pathol, vol. 53, n. 5, 2001, pp. 393–8, DOI:10.1078/0940-2993-00205, PMID 11817109.

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