Antifederalismo

Antifederalisti
LeaderPatrick Henry
StatoStati Uniti (bandiera) Stati Uniti
Fondazione1787
Derivato daPatrioti
Dissoluzione1789
Confluito inPartito Anti-Amministrazione
IdeologiaConfederalismo

Decentralizzatione
Liberalismo
Republicanesimo

Articles of Confederation è il documento che precede la Costituzione Americana ed è ispirato ai principi antifederalisti

L'Antifederalismo[1] fu un movimento politico di fine Settecento che si oppose alla creazione di un governo federale degli Stati Uniti più forte e successivamente si oppose alla ratifica della Costituzione del 1787. La precedente costituzione, chiamata Articoli della Confederazione e Perpetua Unione, concedeva maggiore autorità ai governi statali. Guidati da Patrick Henry della Virginia, gli antifederalisti temevano, tra le altre cose, che la carica di presidente, all'epoca una novità, potesse evolversi in una monarchia[2]. Sebbene la Costituzione sia stata ratificata e abbia sostituito gli Articoli della Confederazione, l'influenza antifederalista contribuì all'approvazione della Carta dei Diritti degli Stati Uniti d'America.

Origine del nome

Il termine "Antifederalisti" è improprio[3]. Fu imposto al movimento dai loro oppositori, i Federalisti, con l'intento di etichettarli come uomini che "si opponevano alle stesse idee politiche che abbracciavano"[3]. Secondo la storica Carol Berkin:

(EN)

«Perhaps the nationalists' most brilliant tactic in the battle of ideas ahead of them, however, was their decision to call themselves "Federalists" and their cause, "Federalism." The men behind the Constitution were not, of course, federalists at all. They were advocates of a strong national government whose authority diminished the independence of the states. [...] By co-opting the name "Federalists," the pro-Constitution forces deprived their opponents of the ability to signal clearly and immediately what they stood for.[3]»

(IT)

«Tuttavia, forse la tattica più brillante dei nazionalisti nella battaglia di idee che li attendeva fu la decisione di chiamarsi 'Federalisti' e la loro causa 'Federalismo'. Gli uomini dietro la Costituzione non erano affatto federalisti, ovviamente. Erano sostenitori di un forte governo nazionale la cui autorità diminuisse l'indipendenza degli stati. [...] Appropriandosi del nome 'Federalisti', le forze favorevoli alla Costituzione privarono i loro avversari della possibilità di segnalare chiaramente e immediatamente ciò che rappresentavano.»

Credo politico

Segue una lista dei principali temi politici in cui credevano:

  • Ritenevano che la Costituzione necessitasse di una Carta dei Diritti[4]
  • Temevano che la Costituzione creasse una presidenza così potente da trasformarsi in una monarchia[4]
  • Credevano che la Costituzione non garantisse sufficienti diritti in tribunale (ad esempio, nessuna garanzia di giuria nei casi civili, né che le giurie dei casi penali fossero locali) e avrebbe creato un sistema giudiziario fuori controllo[5]
  • A loro avviso, il governo nazionale sarebbe stato troppo lontano dal popolo e quindi insensibile alle esigenze delle località[4]
  • Temevano che la Costituzione potesse abrogare, almeno in parte, il potere degli stati[4]
  • Ritenevano che i poteri di tassazione del governo federale concessi dalla Costituzione potessero essere utilizzati per sfruttare i cittadini e indebolire il potere degli stati[4]

Note

  1. ^ Il dibattito tra federalisti ed antifederalisti americani dal 1787 al 1800 e la sua attualità, su thefederalist.eu.
  2. ^ Gli Antifederalisti - I nemici della centralizzazione in America (1787-1788), su brunoleoni.it.
  3. ^ a b c (EN) Carol Berkin, A Brilliant Solution: Inventing the American Constitution, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2003, pp. 175, ISBN 978-0-15-602872-1.
  4. ^ a b c d e (EN) Saul Cornell, The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788-1828, University of North Carolina Press, 1999, p. 28, DOI:10.5149/9780807839218_cornell, ISBN 978-0-8078-4786-2.
  5. ^ (EN) The Debate Over the Judicial Branch, su Center for the Study of the American Constitution, University of Wisconsin-Madison. URL consultato il 5 aprile 2024.

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