Ahmed Sanjar

Ahmed Sanjar
Ahmed Senjer siede sul trono
Malik del Khorasan
In carica1097 –
1118
PredecessoreMuhammad I Tapar
Successoretitolo abrogato
sultano dell'impero selgiuchide
In carica1118 –
1157
PredecessoreMuhammad I Tapar
SuccessoreDawud
Nome completoMuizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah Abul-Harith Ahmad Sanjar ibn Malik-Shah
NascitaSinjar, ottobre 1086
MorteMerv, 8 maggio 1157
DinastiaSelgiuchidi
PadreMalik Shah I
MadreTaj Safariyya Khatun
ConsorteTurkan Khatun
Rusudan Abkhaziyya Khatun
FigliMah-i Mulk Khatun
Amira Sitti Khatun
Amira Khatun
Gawhar Khatun
Religionesunnismo

Muʿizz al-Dīn Aḥmed Sanjar, anche Aḥmad Sindjar (in persiano احمد سنجر‎) (Sinjar, ottobre 1086Merv, 8 maggio 1157), fu l'ultimo sultano della dinastia Selgiuchide.

Biografia

Dopo essersi imposto nella battaglia di Ghazni del 1117, regnò dal 1118 al 1153 e fu inizialmente scià del Khorasan, fin quando acquisì il territorio restante dopo la morte di Meḥmed I. Era figlio di Malik Shah I e partecipò alle guerre di successione contro i suoi tre fratelli e uno zio, cioè Maḥmūd I, Barkiyaruq, Malik Shāh II e Meḥmed I.

Nel 1096, il fratello Muḥammad I gli affidò il governo della provincia del Khorasan.[1] Negli anni successivi Aḥmed Sanjar divenne il capo della maggior parte dell'Impero persiano fissando la sua capitale a Nishapur. Alcuni governatori si rivoltarono contro di lui, continuando la scissione del Grande Impero selgiuchide che era iniziata con le guerre dinastiche.

Nel 1102, respinse l'invasione proveniente dalla Kashgaria, uccidendo Jibrāʾīl Arslān Khān vicino Termez.[1] Sanjar intraprese poi una campagna per eliminare gli Assassini di Alamut, e con successo li eliminò da un certo numero di loro roccaforti.[2]

Tuttavia, un aneddoto racconta che mentre marciava verso la loro roccaforte di Alamut, Sanjar si svegliò un giorno, trovando un pugnale accanto al suo giaciglio, e infilzato sulla lama c'era un messaggio di Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ che gli proponeva la pace.

Sanjar, impressionato da questo evento, inviò emissari a Ḥasan ed entrambi decisero di fare la pace.[3]

Nel 1141, Sanjar preoccupato per l'espansione dei mongoli Kara Khitay, che avevano appena occupato la Transoxiana, marciò contro di essi e i loro alleati turco-mongoli, e li affrontò presso Samarcanda nella Battaglia di Qatvan.

Subì la sua prima disastrosa sconfitta e riuscì a fuggire con soli quindici cavalieri della sua guardia, perdendo tutto il territorio selgiuchide a est della Syr Darya (Jaxartes), la Corasmia (Khwārezm) che divenne Stato vassallo dei Kara Khitay e iniziò una campagna di aggressione contro Sanjar. [4][5]

Aḥmed Sanjar fu catturato nel 1153 dai turchi Oghuz del Khuttal e del Tokharistan che lo tennero prigioniero fino al 1156.[6]

Il mausoleo del sultano Sanjar nella vecchia città-oasi di Merv, in Turkmenistan

Morì l'anno successivo e fu sepolto a Merv, dove la sua tomba fu distrutta dai Mongoli durante la loro invasione dell'Impero Corasmio.

Aḥmed Sanjar sposò Turkān Khātūn 1156) da cui ebbe due figlie che divennero le mogli di suo nipote Maḥmūd. Dopo la sua morte Aḥmed Sanjar prese in moglie Rusudan, figlia di Demetrio I di Georgia, vedova del sultano Masʿūd Temirek, da cui non ebbe figli.

Famiglia

Consorti

Aḥmed Sanjar aveva due mogli, ricordate nei documenti:

Figlie

Ahmed Sanjar ebbe quattro figlie:

  • Mah-i Mulk Khatun (1015 - 1122), che nel 1119 sposò suo cugino Maḥmūd II, da cui ebbe un figlio, Dāwūd.
  • Amira Sitti Khatun (? - 1129), sposò a sua volta Maḥmūd II nel 1124, e da lui ebbe un figlio, Malik Shah III, e una figlia, Gawhar Nasiba Khatun.
  • Amira Khatun, nel 1124 sposò il califfo al-Mustarshid.
  • Gawhar Khatun, nel 1134 sposò suo cugino Ghiyāth al-Dīn Masʿūd. Ebbero una figlia, che sposò Dāwūd, figlio di Maḥmūd II, ma l'unione fu infelice e venne sciolta, cosicché Gavhar sposò Muḥammed II, un altro dei figli di Maḥmūd.

Media

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Grousset, René (1970) The Empire of the Steppes, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA, ISBN 0-8135-0627-1
  2. ^ (EN) Franzius, Enno (1969), History of the Order of Assassins (Storia dell'Ordine degli Assassini), New York, Funk e Wagnalls, p. 59, OCLC 23676
  3. ^ (EN) Lewis, Bernard (1968) The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam (Gli Assassini: Una setta radicale nell'Islam) Basic Books, New York, p. 30, OCLC 436364
  4. ^ Ibn al-Athīr è citato da (DE) Zarncke, Friedrich (1879) Der Priester Johannes S. Heizel, Leipzig, (EN) p. 856-857 ISBN 0-521-24304-1
  5. ^ (EN) Liao Shih (the official history of the Khitan Dynasty) cited by Wittfogel, Karl A. and Feng Chia-Sheng (1949) History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907-1125, Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, pp. 856-857]
  6. ^ (EN) Sinor, Denis (1990) The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia Cambridge University Press, Cambridge p. 639 [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9811810 OCLC 9.811.810

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Predecessore Sultano selgiuchide Successore
Mehmed I 1118 - 1153 L'Impero corasmio assorbe l'Impero selgiuchide
Controllo di autoritàVIAF (EN42637163 · CERL cnp00542822 · LCCN (ENn91088212 · GND (DE11893712X
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