Súrkál

Þýskt súrkál

Súrkál er fínt skorið hvítkál sem hefur verið gerjað með ýmsum mjólkursýrumyndandi bakteríum.[1][2] Súrkál hefur langt geymsluþol og einkennandi súrt bragð, en þessi tvö atriði koma til vegna mjólkursýru sem myndast þegar bakteríurnar gerja sykurinn í hvítkálinu.[3][4]

Yfirlit

Pólskt kiszona kapusta

Gerjaður matur á sér langa sögu í mörgum menningarheimum, en súrkál er þekktasta og hefðbundnasta meðlætið sem samanstendur af gerjuðu hvítkáli.[5] Rómversku rithöfundarnir Cato (í De Agri Cultura) og Columella (í De re Rustica) minnast báðir á geymslu hvítkáls og rófna með salti.

Súrkál náði fótfestu í Mið- og Austur-Evrópskri matargerð, en einnig í öðrum löndum eins og Hollandi, þar sem það er þekkt sem zuurkool, og í  Frakklandi, þar sem það kallast choucroute.[6] Enska heitið er tekið úr þýsku og þýðir bókstaflega "súr jurt" eða "súrt hvítkál".[7] Slavnesk og önnur Mið- og Austur-Evrópsk heiti á súrkáli hafa svipaða merkingu og það þýska: "gerjað hvítkál" eða "súrt hvítkál".[8]

Áður en frosinn matur og ódýr flutningur frá hlýrri svæðum varð aðgengilegur í Norður-, Mið- og Austur-Evrópu var súrkál, eins og önnur niðurlögð matvæli, uppspretta næringarefna á veturna. James Cook tók alltaf birgðir af súrkáli með í sjóferðir sínar, en reynslan hafði kennt honum að það kæmi í veg fyrir skyrbjúg.[9][10]

Orðið "Kraut", sem tekið er af orðinu "sauerkraut", var sérstaklega á tímum heimstyrjalda niðrandi enskt orð fyrir Þjóðverja.[11] Í fyrri heimstyrjöldinni merktu amerískir súrkálsgerðarmenn vörurnar sínar sem "Liberty cabbage" á meðan á stríðinu stóð vegna hræðslu um að almenningur myndi ekki kaupa vöru merkta þýsku nafni.[12]

Tilvísanir

  1. Farnworth, Edward R. (2003). Handbook of Fermented Functional Foods. CRC. ISBN 0-8493-1372-4.
  2. „Fermented Fruits and Vegetables - A Global SO Perspective“. United Nations FAO. 1998. Sótt 10. júní 2007.
  3. Gil Marks. Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. p. 1052.
  4. Joseph Mercola, Brian Vaszily, Kendra Pearsall, Nancy Lee Bentley. Dr. Mercola's Total Health Cookbook & Program. p. 227.
  5. Wendy Brown (2011). Surviving the Apocalypse in the Suburbs: The Thrivalist's Guide to Life Without Oil. New Society Publishers. bls. 60. ISBN 978-1-55092-471-8. Sótt 11. júlí 2013.
  6. „Sauerkraut rises above its humble origins“. canada.com. Afrit af upprunalegu geymt þann 24. september 2015.
  7. The German for cabbage is Kohl, while Kraut(en) means "herb". However the latter also means cabbage in such words as Sauerkraut, Weißkraut (white cabbage) etc.
  8. „Sauerkraut Packs a Punch in Many Eastern European Recipes“. The Spruce Eats (enska).
  9. see http://www.mariner.org/exploration/index.php?type=webpage&id=55 / What did they eat? which begins "One of Cook's most important discoveries..." and http://www.vitamindeficiency.info/?page_id=9 Geymt 1 maí 2013 í Wayback Machine which additionally mentions "... citrus fruit such as lemons and lime. James Cook ..."
  10. Saloheimo, P. (2005). „[Captain Cook used sauerkraut to prevent scurvy]“. Duodecim (á finnsku). 121 (9): 1014–5. PMID 15991750.
  11. Oxford English Dictionary. Second edition, 1989. "1. = SAUERKRAUT, SOURCROUT. Also attrib. and Comb. 2. (Often with capital initial.) A German, esp. a German soldier. Also attrib. and Comb. Derogatory."
  12. „Sauerkraut may be 'Liberty Cabbage'. The New York Times. 25. apríl 1918. Afrit af upprunalegu geymt þann 12. febrúar 2014. Sótt 16. janúar 2011.
  Þessi matar eða drykkjargrein er stubbur. Þú getur hjálpað til með því að bæta við greinina.

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