Patríarki

Patríarki, er titill biskupa (sem gegna embætti við ákveðinna biskupsstóla) í rómversk-kaþólsku kirkjunni, rétttrúnaðarkirkjunni og austrænu rétttrúnaðarkirkjunum.

Uppruni orðsins patríarki er gríska orðið πατριάρχης, sem er samsett úr πατήρ (pater, það er „faðir“) og αρχων (arkon, það er „leiðtogi“, „höfðingi“, „konungur“). Patríarki var og er ættarhöfðingi (pater familias) yfir ætt eða fjölskildu.

Saga

Íkon með Jóhannesi frá Antiokíu og Gregor frá Nanzianz, sem báðir voru patríarkar í Konstantínópel á 4. öld og dýrlingar í kaþólsku kirkjunni og rétttrúnaðarkirkjunni

Þegar á 4. öld er farið að nota titillinn patríarki sem heiðurstitil á einstaka biskupa.

Hugtakið fékk þó fljótlega afmarkaða þýðingu. Kirkjuþingið í Kalkedon 451 veitti biskupunum í Róm, Konstantínópel, Alexandríu, Antiokkíu og Jerúsalem sérstöðu gagnvart öðrum biskupum. Patríarkanum í Konstantínópel var var gefin sérstaða gagnvart hinum fjórum enda var þar höfuðborg ríkisins og aðsetur keisarans.

Þessir fimm fóru að titla sig patríarka (nema í Róm þar sem papa var notað í staðin). Það var þó ekki fyrr en á stjórnartíma Justinianus I (483 - 565) sem þeir fengu lögsögu og formlega stjórn á hver sínum hluta kirkjunnar. Eftir að klofnaði á milli kaþólsku kirkjunnar og rétttrúnaðarkirkjunnar fengu partíarkar ólík hlutverk í hinum tveimur megin kirkjudeildum.

Rómversk-kaþólska kirkjan

Rómversk-kaþólska kirkjan hefur biskup yfir latneska söfnuðinum í Jerúsalem, og ber hann titilinn patríarki. Þar að auki eru nokkrir biskupsstólar á vesturlöndum sem bera heiðurstitilinn patríarki, sá elsti biskupinn í Feneyjum sem var veitt þessi virðing 1451. Kaþólskir patríarkar eru einnig í Vesturindíum (1517), Lissabon (1711) og Indlandi (1886). Þessir patríarkar hafa ekki á neinn hátt neina sjálfstæða stöðu gagnvart páfanum í Róm. Yfirmenn annarra kirkjudeilda en þeirra latnesku sem lúta páfa bera einnig titilinn patríarki (eða katholikos) og hafa í mörgu sjálfstæða stöðu í ýmsum trúaratriðum og helgiathöfnum.

Rétttrúnaðarkirkjur

Innan rétttrúnaðarkirkjunnar er að finna fjögur af elstu patríarkaembættunum, í Konstantinópel, Antiokkíu, Alexandríu og Jerúsalem, og ber patríarkinn í Konstantinópel titilinn ökumeníski-patríarkinn. En andstætt páfaveldinu eru hinir patríarkarnir ekki undirmenn þess ökumeníska heldur er hann nefndur fremstur meðal jafningja. Yfirmenn margra þjóðkirknanna innan rétttrúarkirkjunnar bera einnig titlinn og vald patríarka. Elsta embættið er í Búlgaríu sem tilkom 927. Síðan koma Georgía (1010, en þar er titilinn katholikos-patriark), Serbía (1379), Rússland (1589) og Rúmenía (1885).

Austrænu rétttrúnaðarkirkjurnar hafa einnig patríarka:

Nestoríönsku kirkjurnar hafa patríarka í Jerúsalem og Katholikos Patríark í Babýlon (Bagdad).

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