Marshall Warren Nirenberg

Lífvísindi
20. öld
Nafn: Marshall Warren Nirenberg
Fæddur: 10. apríl 1927 í New York-borg
Látinn 15. janúar 2010 í New York-borg
Svið: Lífefnafræði, Sameindalíffræði
Markverðar
uppgötvanir:
erfðakóðinn
Alma mater: Flórída-háskóli
Michigan-háskóli
Verðlaun og
nafnbætur:
Nóbelsverðlaunin ílífeðlis- og læknisfræði 1968
Franklin-orðan 1968

Marshall Warren Nirenberg (fæddur 10. apríl 1927, dáinn 15. janúar 2010) var bandarískur lífefnafræðingur og erfðafræðingur. Hann hlaut Nóbelsverðlaunin ílífeðlis- og læknisfræði ásamt Har Gobind Khorana og Robert W. Holley árið 1968 fyrir að hafa ráðið erfðakóðann og lýst því hvernig hann nýtist við prótínsmíð í lífverum.

Rannsóknir

Árið 1959, þegar Nirenberg var að ljúka nýdoktorsverkefni sínu hjá Stetten og Jakoby við bandarísku heilbrigðisstofnunina, var það orðinn að heita má viðtekinn sannleikur að erfðaefni lífvera væri DNA. Þetta höfðu til dæmis rannsóknir Avery og félaga, Meselsons og Stahl, Hershey og Chase og Watsons og Crick sýnt fram á. Hins vegar var það enn óráðin gáta hvernig upplýsingar um samsetningu prótína væru kóðaðar í kirnaröð DNA og hvert hlutverk RNA væri í tjáningarferlinu. Nirenberg einsetti sér að greiða úr þessum ráðgátum og fékk til liðs við sig ungan þýskan lífefnafræðing, Heinrich Matthaei. Þeir bjuggu til með efnasmíð pólýúrasíl, það er, RNA-sameindir sem samanstóðu eingöngu af fjölliðu úrasíl kirna. Það settu þeir út í frumufrían vökva sem dreginn hafði verið út úr rækt Escherichia coli baktería. Einnig bættu þeir ensími sem brýtur niður DNA út í blönduna, til að tryggja að prótínsmíð myndi ekki eiga sér stað út frá DNA bakteríanna, heldur eingöngu út frá pólýúrasíl sameindinni. Þessu næst var bætt í blönduna hinum 20 náttúrlegu amínósýrum og var ein þeirra merkt með geislavirkri samsætu. Tilraunin var marg-endurtekin og mismunandi amínósýra geislamerkt í hvert sinn. Peptíðunum sem smíðuð voru út frá pólýúrasíl sameindinni var safnað og geislavirkni mæld. Einungis í þeim tilraunum þar sem fenýlalanín var geislamerkt reyndist peptíðafurðin vera geislavirk og þar með var fyrsti tákninn í erfðakóðanum ráðinn: UUU stendur fyrir fenýlalanín.[1]

Eftir að kapphlaupinu um ráðningu erfðakóðans lauk, sneri Nirenberg sér að rannsóknum í taugalíffræði og þroskun.

Heimildir

  1. ‘‘‘H. J. Matthaei, O. W. Jones, R. G. Martin og M. W. Nirenberg’’’ (1962) ͈Characteristics and composition of RNA coding units” ‘’Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America’’ ‘’’48,’’’ 666–677. pdf[óvirkur tengill]

Tenglar

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