Unibersidad

Ti kampus ti Ubersidad ti Santo Tomás iti Sampaloc, Filipinas idi 1940

Ti maysa nga unibersidad (Latin: universitas, 'maysa a sibubukel') ket ti maysa a patakder iti nangatngato (wenno maikatlo nga agpang) nga edukasion ken pagsukisokan, a manggunguna kadagiti grado ti akademiko kadagiti nadumaduma a disiplina ti akademiko. Kadawyan a nagited dagiti unibersidad iti undergraduate ken postgraduate nga edukasion.

Naala ti balikas nga unibersidad manipud iti Latin ti universitas magistrorum et scholarium, nga agarup a ti kayatna a sawen ket "komunidad dagiti manursuro ken dagiti eskolar".[1] Ti moderno a sistema ti unibersidad ket addaan kadagiti ramut iti Europeano a mediebal nga unibersidad, a napartuat idi idiay Italia a nagtaud manipud kadagiti katedral nga eskuela para iti klero iti las-ud ti Nangato a Tengnga a Panpanawen.[2]

Pakasaritaan

Panangipalawag

Ti kasisigud a balikas iti Latin ti universitas ket sapasap a mangibaga iti "maysa a bilang dagiti tao a mainaig iti maysa a bagi, maysa a kagimongan, kompania, komunidad, timpuyog, korporasion, kdpy".[3] Iti panawen ti irurumsua ti biag iti urbano nga ili ken dagiti mediebal a timpuyog, dagiti espesialisado a "gunglo dagiti estudiante ken dagiti manursuro nga addaan kadagiti kolektibo a legado a karbengan a kadawyan a pasiguraduan babaen dagiti kapitulo nga inted babaen dagiti prinsesa, dagiti nangato ti ranggona a klero, wenno dagiti ili a pakabirukanda" ket nagbalin a nanaganan babaen ti daytoy a sapsap a termino. Kas met dagiti sabali a timpuyog, bukod dagitoy a naregregulado ken mangikeddeng kadagiti kualipikasion dagiti kamengda.[4]

Iti moderno a panagusar iti balikas, nagbalinen a ti kayatna a sawen a kas ti "Maysa a patakder iti nangatngato nga edukasion a mangipaay iti matrikula kadagiti nangruna a saan a bokasional a suheto ken kadawyan nga addaan iti bileg a mangiyasping kadagiti grado,"[5] nga addaan iti nasapsapa a panangiyunay-unay iti korporado a gunglona a naikeddeng a kas naipakasaritaan a maipakat kadagiti Mediebal nga unibersidad.[6]

Ti kasisigud a balikas iti Latin ket mangibagbaga kadagiti patakder ti pagbasaan a mangungguna iti grado iti Akinlaud ken Tengnga nga Europa, nga adu idi daytoy a porma ti legado a gunglo ken ti nakaiwarwarasan dagitoy a patakder iti likmut iti lubong.

Dagiti nagibasaran

  1. ^ "Universities". Encyclopædia Britannica (iti Ingles) (Maika-11 nga ed.). 1911.
  2. ^ Haskins, Charles H. (1898). "The Life of Medieval Students as Illustrated by their Letters". The American Historical Review. 3 (2): 203–229. doi:10.2307/1832500. JSTOR 1832500.
  3. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1966) [1879], A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  4. ^ Marcia L. Colish, Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition, 400-1400, (New Haven: Yale Univ. Pr., 1997), p. 267.
  5. ^ "university, n.", OED Online (maika-3 nga ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, naala idi 27 Agosto 2013
  6. ^ "university, n.", OED Online (3rd nga ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, naala idi 27 Agosto 2013, …In the Middle Ages: a body of teachers and students engaged in giving and receiving instruction in the higher branches of study … and regarded as a scholastic guild or corporation. Compare "University", Oxford English Dictionary (maika-2 nga ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989, The whole body of teachers and scholars engaged, at a particular place, in giving and receiving instruction in the higher branches of learning; such persons associated together as a society or corporate body, with definite organization and acknowledged powers and privileges (esp. that of conferring degrees), and forming an institution for the promotion of education in the higher or more important branches of learning….

Adu pay a mabasbasa

  • Aronowitz, Stanley (2000). The Knowledge Factory: Dismantling the Corporate University and Creating True Higher Learning. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-3122-3.
  • Barrow, Clyde W. (1990). Universities and the Capitalist State: Corporate Liberalism and the Reconstruction of American Higher Education, 1894–1928. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-12400-7.
  • Diamond, Sigmund (1992). Compromised Campus: The Collaboration of Universities with the Intelligence Community, 1945–1955. New York, NY: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505382-1.
  • Pedersen, Olaf (1997). The First Universities: Studium Generale and the Origins of University Education in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59431-8.
  • Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de, ed. (1992). A History of the University in Europe. Universities in the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. Rüegg, Walter (general ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36105-7.
  • Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de, ed. (1996). A History of the University in Europe. Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800). Vol. 2. Rüegg, Walter (general ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36106-4.
  • Rüegg, Walter, ed. (2004). A History of the University in Europe. Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945). Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36107-1.
  • Segre, Michael (2015). Higher Education and the Growth of Knowledge: A Historical Outline of Aims and Tensions. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-73566-7.

Dagiti akinruar a silpo

Dagiti midia a mainaig iti Unibersidad iti Wikimedia Commons
Dagiti inadaw a sasao a mainaig iti Unibersidad iti Wikiquote (iti Ingles)

Read other articles:

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