Ọnọdụ ihu igwe Ireland

 

Enyi Nke Irish gburugburu v Ọchịchị Nke Ireland (nke a makwaara dị ka Ihu igwe Ikpe Ireland) bụ ikpe dị mkpa maka mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Ireland kpebiri na 2020.[1] N'okwu a, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu wepụrụ atụmatụ mgbochi mba nke Ọchịchị nke Ireland na 2017 n'ihi na ọ nweghị nkọwa zuru oke nke Irish Omume ihu igwe na obere carbon Omume mmepe 2015 (iwu ihu igwe nke 2015). Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nyere Ọchịchị iwu ka ha mepụta atụmatụ ọhụrụ nke kwekọrọ na Iwu Ọnọdụ Ihu igwe nke 2015.

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Ọnọdụ Ihu igwe na Nkwurịta Okwu na Ireland

Ikpe ahụ metụtara Mbelata mba Atụmatụ (Atụmatụ), nke e bipụtara na 19 Julaị 2017.[2] Iwu ihu igwe nke afọ 2015 na-enye usoro maka nguzobe "carbon dị ala, nke na-eguzogide ihu igwe na akụ na ụba na-adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi site na ngwụcha afọ 2050" (ihe mgbaru ọsọ mgbanwe mba).[3] Iwu ihu igwe nke afọ 2015 chọrọ na, iji mee ka Steeti ahụ chụsoo ebumnuche mgbanwe mba, Ọchịchị mepụtara ma kwado atụmatụ mgbochi mba nke na-akọwapụta "ụzọ o si atụ aro iji mezuo ebumnuche nke mgbanwe mba".[4][5]

N'afọ 2015, Republic nke Ireland nwere nke atọ kachasị elu na-emepụta gas ikuku kwa onye ọ bụla na EU .[6] N'afọ 2017, Kansụl ndụmọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe, otu iwu nwere onwe ya na Ireland, nyere Ọchịchị akụkọ ya. O kwuru na Ireland ga-efunahụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya maka 2020 "site n'ụzọ dị ukwuu". Ọ kọrọ na iwu na usoro ndị ọzọ "dị mkpa" maka Ireland iji mezuo ebumnuche ya maka 2030 nakwa na mmejuputa "iwu ndị ọzọ dị irè" dị "n'ụzọ dị ngwa" maka ebumnuche Ireland nke 2050.[7] Onye isi oche nke Kansụl ahụ, Prọfesọ John Fitzgerald, kwuru na atụmatụ ahụ nwere "mkpebi ole na ole" ma ọ gaghị ezu iji mezuo ebumnuche mgbanwe mba Ireland.[8]

Ọ bụ otu ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi bụ Enyi Nke Irish gburugburu (FIE), ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru na-ejedebe na nkwa na ọrụ ebere edebanyere aha na Ireland, wetara ikpe ahụ.[9] FIE sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ iji mee ihe site na ikpe ihu igwe ụwa ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Netherlands v Urgenda na Juliana v. United States. FIE kwuru na ha nwere olileanya na ikpe ahụ ga-eweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ Ọchịchị na mgbanwe ihu igwe.[10] E nwere nkwado ọha na eze dị ukwuu maka mkpebi FIE iji were ikpe ahụ, dịka arịrịọ maka nkwado maka ndị gbara akwụkwọ enwetala ihe karịrị 20,000 bịanyere aka.[10]

Ụlọ ikpe dị elu

N'ụlọ ikpe dị elu, FIE kwuru na Atụmatụ ahụ bụ ultra vires 2015 Iwu ihu igwe nakwa na Atụmanya ahụ mebiri ikike n'okpuru ECHR na Iwu nke Ireland. O kwuru na Ọchịchị , n'ịkwado atụmatụ ahụ, emeghị ihe iji hụ na a belatara ikuku n'oge dị mkpirikpi na nke dị n'etiti, ya mere ọ ga-emezughị ihe ndị mba ụwa chere dị mkpa. Ọ dabere n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na, n'agbanyeghị ndụmọdụ nke Ọchịchị dị n'etiti Ọchịchị Ogwe Gbanye Ihu igwe Gbanwee na ikuku ga-ada site na ọ dịkarịa ala 2540 n'etiti 1990 na 2020 iji nyere aka belata okpomọkụ ụwa ruo 2 °C karịa ọkwa tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, Atụmatụ ahụ chepụtara mmụba nke ikuku nke 10% n'oge ahụ. FIE kwuru na mbelata ka ukwuu ga-adị mkpa iji mezuo ebumnuche nke nkwekọrịta Paris iji belata okpomọkụ ụwa ruo 1.5 °C karịa ọkwa tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. FIE chọrọ ka mkpebi gọọmentị kwado atụmatụ ahụ ka a kagbuo ya ma chọọ iwu ka a gbanwee atụmatụ ahụ dịka ihe achọrọ nke Iwu Ọnọdụ Ihu igwe nke 2015.[11][12]

Ọchịchị kwuru na Atụmatụ ahụ, dị ka iwu Ọchịchị , enweghị ike ikpe. Ha gara n'ihu kwuo na, n'ihi na FIE bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụghị onye nkịtị, FIE enweghị ikike ịsị na ikike onwe onye n'okpuru ECHR ma ọ bụ Iwu.[13]

Maazị Justice MacGrath nyere mkpebi maka Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na 19 Septemba 2019. Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu chọpụtara na FIE nwere ikike iwebata arụmụka ndị dabeere na ikike ma kweta, maka ebumnuche nke ikpe ahụ, na enwere ikike iwu na-edeghị aha na "ebe obibi kwekọrọ na ùgwù mmadụ". Otú ọ dị, ọ chọpụtara na Atụmatụ ahụ emegideghị ikike a ma ọ bụ ikike iwu maka ndụ ma ọ bụ iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe, dị ka FIE kwuru. Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu chọpụtara na Atụmatụ ahụ abụghị ultra vires 2015 Iwu ihu igwe, na-ekwu maka "nnukwu ohere nke nghọta" nke Ọchịchị nwere. A jụrụ ihe ndị a chọrọ.[12][14]

Ụlọ ikpe kachasị

Mgbe ikpe ha enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'Ụlọ ikpe kachasị , Ụlọ ikpe kachasị Ọdị Elu kwetara ịnụ ikpe ahụ n'onwe ya, na-enye FIE ohere "ịgafe" ụzọ nkịtị na-aga Ụlọ ikpe kachasị site na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị. Na mkpebi ya, Ụlọ ikpe kachasị kwuru na ikpe ahụ nwere "ihe dị mkpa n'ozuzu ọha na eze na nke iwu" nakwa na enweghị esemokwu n'etiti ndị otu ahụ banyere ịdị njọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, sayensị ihu igwe na-akwado atụmatụ ahụ ma ọ bụ mmụba nke ikuku n'oge ndụ atụmatụ ahụ.[13]

Ihe mejupụtara Ụlọ ikpe kachasị bụ ndị ọkàikpe asaa: Clarke CJ, Irvine P, O'Donnell J, MacMenamin J, Dunne J, O'Malley J na Baker J. A na-echekwa ihe dị otú ahụ maka ikpe ndị dị mkpa ma ọ bụ mgbagwoju anya.[1][12] A nụrụ ikpe ahụ n'ime ụbọchị abụọ. Ikpe ahụ, nke nwere nkwado otu olu site n'aka ndị ọkàikpe asaa niile, bụ nke Chief Justice Clarke nyere na 31 Julaị 2020.[1]

Ụlọ ikpe kachasị kpebiri na atụmatụ ahụ bụ nke a ga-enyocha ikpe, ebe ọ bụ na Ụlọikpe ahụ anaghị enyocha iwu Ọchịchị zuru oke kama ọ bụ ọrụ Ọchịchị ga-eme ka atụmatụ dị ka Iwu Ọnọdụ Ihu igwe nke 2015.[15]

Ụlọ ikpe kachasị akagbuola atụmatụ ahụ, na-achọpụta na ọ bụ ultra vires Ọchịchị n'ihi na ọ meghị ihe achọrọ na Iwu Ọnọdụ Ihu igwe nke 2015 n'ihi ya enyeghị nkọwa zuru ezu banyere otu esi emezu ebumnuche mgbanwe mba.[16] Ụlọikpe ahụ chọpụtara na Atụmatụ ahụ "erughị" ọkwa nkọwa achọrọ n'okpuru Iwu Ọnọdụ Ihu igwe nke afọ 2015.[17] Clarke CJ kpọrọ akụkụ nke Atụmatụ ahụ "nke na-edoghị anya ma ọ bụ nke na-achọsi ike". Ọ kọwara na Atụmatụ ahụ kwesịrị inwe ozi zuru ezu iji mee ka onye nwere mmasị n'etiti ọha na eze ghọta ma nyochaa otu gọọmentị si emezu ebumnuche ihu igwe ya.[18]

N'ihi na Ụlọikpe ahụ kagburu Atụmatụ ahụ, Ọchịchị dị mkpa, n'okpuru Iwu 2015, ime atụmatụ ọhụrụ nke kwekọrọ na Iwu ahụ, ma kpuchie oge zuru ezu fọdụrụ na 2050. Ụlọikpe ahụ kwukwara na, n'ikwekọ na mkpebi ikpe ya, "ọ na-eso na enweghị ike ime otu atụmatụ ahụ n'ọdịnihu".[19]

Ọ bụ ezie na FIE nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na arụmụka ha banyere iwu na-akwadoghị nke Atụmatụ ahụ, ha enweghị ihe ịga nke mbụ na arụmụma ha dabere na ikike ha. Ụlọikpe ahụ chọpụtara na FIE, dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ , enweghị ikike ndụ ma ọ bụ iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ahụ, ya mere enweghị ọnọdụ n'ihe gbasara ikike dị iche iche ọ chọrọ iwepụta n'okpuru ECHR na Iwu. Otú ọ dị, Clarke CJ kwetara na ikike iwu nwere ike itinye aka na ikpe gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị n'ọdịnihu, ọ bụ ezie na o kwupụtara echiche na ikike maka gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma enweghị ike inweta site na Iwu.[15][11]

Mmeghachi omume

A nabatara mkpebi ahụ na mgbasa ozi Irish dị ka "oge mgbanwe maka ọchịchị ihu igwe na Ireland" na "oge mgbanwe".[15][16] O mekwara ka ndị mgbasa ozi mba ụwa mara ya.[20][21][22]

Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, ihu igwe na nkwukọrịta, Eamon Ryan, kwuru na ya "na-anabata" ikpe nke Ụlọ ikpe kachasị ma kelee ndị enyi nke gburugburu ebe obibi maka iwere ikpe ahụ. O kwuru na a ga-eji mkpebi ahụ mee ihe iji "kwalite oké ọchịchọ" na "nye ike ime ihe".[23]

Mmetụta

Ọnọdụ ihu igwe Ireland bụ ikpe mbụ nke ụlọ ikpe ndị Irish jidereỌchịchịka ọ kọwaa enweghị ihe ha mere na mgbanwe ihu igwe.[20] Ikpe a bụ otu n'ime ikpe atọ dị elu, "usoro" nke ihu igwe na mba ụwa nke ụlọ ikpe kachasị elu chọpụtara na iwu Ọchịchị na-eme ka ihu igwe belata anaghị agbaso iwu.[12] Ọ bụ ikpe ihu igwe nke atọ n'ụwa niile iji ruo ụlọ ikpe kachasị elu nke mba.[24] Ikpe ahụ bịara mgbe Ụlọ ikpe kachasị nke Netherlands kwadoro mkpebi yiri nke ahụ na ikpe Urgenda na 2019. Tessa Khan, onye ọka iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke rụrụ ọrụ na ikpe ahụ, kwuru na mkpebi Irish belatara nchegbu ụfọdụ na mkpebi Dutch ga-abụ otu ugboro.[25] Onye UN Pụrụ iche Onye nta akụkọ Na ikike mmadụ Na nke gburugburu , David R. Boyd, kpọrọ ikpe ahụ "ikpe dị ịrịba ama" nke "na-esetịpụ ihe nlereanya maka ụlọ ikpe gburugburu ụwa ịgbaso".[26]

Ntụaka

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Friends of the Irish Environment v The Government of Ireland & Ors (2020). Archived from the original on 2020-10-31. Retrieved on 16 November 2020.
  2. ↑ National Mitigation Plan 2017 (2017). Archived from the original on 2018-09-26. Retrieved on 16 November 2020.
  3. ↑ Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act 2015 - A Brief Overview. www.mccannfitzgerald.com. Retrieved on 2020-11-16.
  4. ↑ 2015 Climate Act, section 3 (2015). Archived from the original on 2016-04-26. Retrieved on 16 November 2020.
  5. ↑ 2015 Climate Act, section 4 (2015). Archived from the original on 2016-04-26. Retrieved on 16 November 2020.
  6. ↑ Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change - CSO - Central Statistics Office (en). www.cso.ie. Retrieved on 2020-11-16.
  7. ↑ Climate Change Advisory Council Periodic Review Report 2017 (2017). Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved on 16 November 2020.
  8. ↑ O'Sullivan. Climate Change Advisory Council strongly criticises Government plan on climate (en). The Irish Times. Retrieved on 2020-11-16.
  9. ↑ About Us - Friends of the Irish Environment. www.friendsoftheirishenvironment.org. Retrieved on 2020-11-16.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Climate case (en-US). Climate Case Ireland. Retrieved on 2020-11-16.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Friends of the Irish Environment v. Ireland (en-US). Climate Change Litigation. Retrieved on 2020-11-16.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Kelleher (2020-09-09). The Supreme Court of Ireland’s decision in Friends of the Irish Environment v Government of Ireland ("Climate Case Ireland") (English). EJIL: Talk!. Retrieved on 2020-11-15.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Carolan. Supreme Court to hear appeal over Government's 'flawed' climate change plan (en). The Irish Times. Retrieved on 2020-11-15.
  14. ↑ Friends of the Irish Environment CLG v The Government of Ireland (2019). Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved on 16 November 2020.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Ryall. Supreme Court ruling a turning-point for climate governance in Ireland (en). The Irish Times. Retrieved on 2020-11-15.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Kenny. Opinion: The Supreme Court's ruling on the government's climate plan is a watershed moment (en). TheJournal.ie. Retrieved on 2020-11-15.
  17. ↑ Boland. Supreme Court finds government climate plan falls "well short" (en). TheJournal.ie. Retrieved on 2020-11-15.
  18. ↑ Keena. Court’s quashing of climate plan a cause for international embarrassment (en). The Irish Times. Retrieved on 2020-11-15.
  19. ↑ Supreme Court rules in favour of Climate Case Ireland (en-US). Green News Ireland (2020-07-31). Archived from the original on 2020-11-17. Retrieved on 2020-11-15.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Frost (2020-07-31). Irish citizens win case to force government action on climate change (en). living. Retrieved on 2020-11-15.
  21. ↑ "Climate change: 'Huge' implications to Irish climate case across Europe", BBC News, 2020-08-01. Retrieved on 2020-11-15. (in en-GB)
  22. ↑ Los jueces reclaman al gobierno de Irlanda un plan de acción climática más exigente (es). La Vanguardia (2020-07-31). Retrieved on 2020-11-15.
  23. ↑ Minister Ryan welcomes the judgement of the Supreme Court today in relation to National Mitigation Plan (en). www.gov.ie. Retrieved on 2020-11-15.
  24. ↑ Supreme Court to hear Climate Case Ireland appeal (en-US). Climate Case Ireland (2020-02-14). Retrieved on 2020-11-15.
  25. ↑ Activists took the Irish govt to court over its national climate plan — and won (en). The World from PRX. Retrieved on 2020-11-15.
  26. ↑ Amidst a climate and biodiversity crisis, hope emerges: Friends of the Irish Environment win historic ‘Climate Case Ireland’ in the Irish Supreme Court (en-US). Climate Case Ireland (2020-07-31). Retrieved on 2020-11-15.

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!