Bapak Pendiri Amerika Serikat

Declaration of Independence, lukisan karya John Trumbull yang menggambarkan Komite Lima mempersembahkan draf Deklarasi Kemerdekaan kepada Kongres tanggal 28 Juni 1776. Lukisan Trumbull diterbitkan di belakang uang kertas dua dolar Amerika Serikat.^[1]

Bapak Pendiri Amerika Serikat adalah tokoh-tokoh Tiga Belas Koloni Britania di Amerika Utara yang memimpin Revolusi Amerika Serikat melawan kekuasaan Kerajaan Britania Raya dan mendirikan Amerika Serikat. Istilah ini juga ditafsirkan lebih sempit sehingga hanya mencakup penandatangan Deklarasi Kemerdekaan 1776 atau delegasi Konvensi Konstitusi 1787 dan terlibat dalam perumusan Konstitusi Amerika Serikat. Daftarnya juga mencakup penandatangan Asosiasi Kontinental atau Pasal-Pasal Konfederasi.^[2] Sepanjang abad ke-19, mereka disebut "Pendiri" atau "Bapak".

Sejumlah sejarawan mengartikan "Bapak Pendiri" sebagai kelompok besar yang mencakup tidak hanya Penandatangan dan Perumus, tetapi juga terlibat dalam perjuangan kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat dan pembentukan Amerika Serikat seperti politikus, hakim, negarawan, tentara, diplomat, dan warga sipil.^[3] Sejarawan Richard B. Morris pada tahun 1973 mengidentifikasi tujuh tokoh berikut sebagai Bapak Pendiri utama: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, dan George Washington.^[4] Adams, Jefferson, dan Franklin mengerjakan draf Deklarasi Kemerdekaan. Hamilton, Madison, dan Jay menulis The Federalist Papers yang mendukung ratifikasi Konstitusi. Washington memimpin pasukan revolusi. Semua tokoh tersebut pernah memegang jabatan penting di pemerintahan pertama Amerika Serikat.

Daftar Bapak Pendiri

Penandatangan dokumen bersejarah

Benjamin Franklin, salah satu pendukung persatuan koloni pertama, adalah tokoh pendiri etos Amerika Serikat dan penggagas ideologi bangsa.

Peyton Randolph, Presiden Kongres Kontinental yang mengawasi pembentukan Asosiasi Kontinental.

Richard Henry Lee, memperkenalkan Resolusi Lee pada Kongres Kontinental Kedua yang menuntut kemerdekaan koloni dari Britania Raya.

Komite Lima, terdiri dari John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, dan Robert Livingston, menyusun draf Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat dan mempersembahkannya kepada Kongres Kontinental tanggal 4 Juli 1776.

John Hancock, Presiden Kongres Kontinental, dikenal atas tanda tangannya yang besar dan indah di Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat.

John Dickinson menulis draf pertama Pasal-Pasal Konfederasi tahun 1776 saat menjadi delegasi Pennsylvania di Kongres Kontinental. Ia menandatanganinya tahun berikutnya setelah terpilih sebagai delegasi Delaware di Kongres.

Henry Laurens adalah Presiden Kongres Kontinental ketika Pasal-Pasal Konfederasi disahkan tanggal 15 November 1777.

George Washington menjabat Presiden Konvensi Konstitusi 1787.

James Madison, dijuluki "Bapak Konstitusi" oleh rekan-rekannya.

Singkatan berikut dipakai di tabel di bawah ini: CA = Asosiasi Kontinental (1774) • DI = Deklarasi Kemerdekaan (1776) AC = Pasal-Pasal Konfederasi (1777) • USC = Konstitusi Amerika Serikat (1787)

Nama	Provinsi/Negara bagian	CA	DI	AC	USC
Andrew Adams	Connecticut			Ya
John Adams	Massachusetts	Ya	Ya
Samuel Adams	Massachusetts	Ya	Ya	Ya
Thomas Adams	Virginia			Ya
John Alsop	New York	Ya
Abraham Baldwin	Georgia				Ya
John Banister	Virginia			Ya
Josiah Bartlett	New Hampshire		Ya	Ya
Richard Bassett	Delaware				Ya
Gunning Bedford, Jr.	Delaware				Ya
David Brearley	New Jersey				Ya
Edward Biddle	Pennsylvania	Ya
John Blair	Virginia				Ya
Richard Bland	Virginia	Ya
William Blount	North Carolina				Ya
Simon Boerum	New York	Ya
Carter Braxton	Virginia		Ya
Jacob Broom	Delaware				Ya
Pierce Butler	South Carolina				Ya
Charles Carroll of Carrollton	Maryland		Ya
Daniel Carroll	Maryland			Ya	Ya
Richard Caswell	North Carolina	Ya
Samuel Chase	Maryland	Ya	Ya
Abraham Clark	New Jersey		Ya
William Clingan	Pennsylvania			Ya
George Clymer	Pennsylvania		Ya		Ya
John Collins	Rhode Island			Ya
Stephen Crane	New Jersey	Ya
Thomas Cushing	Massachusetts	Ya
Francis Dana	Massachusetts			Ya
Jonathan Dayton	New Jersey				Ya
Silas Deane	Connecticut	Ya
John De Hart	New Jersey	Ya
John Dickinson	Delaware			Ya	Ya
	Pennsylvania	Ya
William Henry Drayton	South Carolina			Ya
James Duane	New York	Ya		Ya
William Duer	New York			Ya
Eliphalet Dyer	Connecticut	Ya
William Ellery	Rhode Island		Ya	Ya
William Few	Georgia				Ya
Thomas Fitzsimons	Pennsylvania				Ya
William Floyd	New York	Ya	Ya
Nathaniel Folsom	New Hampshire	Ya
Benjamin Franklin	Pennsylvania		Ya		Ya
Christopher Gadsden	South Carolina	Ya
Joseph Galloway	Pennsylvania	Ya
Elbridge Gerry	Massachusetts		Ya	Ya
Nicholas Gilman	New Hampshire				Ya
Nathaniel Gorham	Massachusetts				Ya
Button Gwinnett	Georgia		Ya
Lyman Hall	Georgia		Ya
Alexander Hamilton	New York				Ya
John Hancock	Massachusetts		Ya	Ya
John Hanson	Maryland			Ya
Cornelius Harnett	North Carolina			Ya
Benjamin Harrison	Virginia	Ya	Ya
John Hart	New Jersey		Ya
John Harvie	Virginia			Ya
Patrick Henry	Virginia	Ya
Joseph Hewes	North Carolina	Ya	Ya
Thomas Heyward, Jr.	South Carolina		Ya	Ya
Samuel Holten	Massachusetts			Ya
William Hooper	North Carolina	Ya	Ya
Francis Hopkinson	New Jersey		Ya
Stephen Hopkins	Rhode Island	Ya	Ya
Titus Hosmer	Connecticut			Ya
Charles Humphreys	Pennsylvania	Ya
Samuel Huntington	Connecticut		Ya	Ya
Richard Hutson	South Carolina			Ya
Jared Ingersoll	Pennsylvania				Ya
John Jay	New York	Ya
Thomas Jefferson	Virginia		Ya
Thomas Johnson	Maryland	Ya
William Samuel Johnson	Connecticut				Ya
Rufus King	Massachusetts				Ya
James Kinsey	New Jersey	Ya
John Langdon	New Hampshire				Ya
Edward Langworthy	Georgia			Ya
Henry Laurens	South Carolina			Ya
Francis Lightfoot Lee	Virginia		Ya	Ya
Richard Henry Lee	Virginia	Ya	Ya	Ya
Francis Lewis	New York		Ya	Ya
Philip Livingston	New York	Ya	Ya
William Livingston	New Jersey	Ya			Ya
James Lovell	Massachusetts			Ya
Isaac Low	New York	Ya
Thomas Lynch	South Carolina	Ya	Ya
Henry Marchant	Rhode Island			Ya
James Madison	Virginia				Ya
John Mathews	South Carolina			Ya
James McHenry	Maryland				Ya
Thomas McKean	Delaware	Ya	Ya	Ya
Arthur Middleton	South Carolina		Ya
Henry Middleton	South Carolina	Ya
Thomas Mifflin	Pennsylvania	Ya			Ya
Gouverneur Morris	New York			Ya
	Pennsylvania				Ya
Lewis Morris	New York		Ya
Robert Morris	Pennsylvania		Ya	Ya	Ya
John Morton	Pennsylvania	Ya	Ya
Thomas Nelson, Jr.	Virginia		Ya
William Paca	Maryland	Ya	Ya
Robert Treat Paine	Massachusetts	Ya	Ya
William Paterson	New Jersey				Ya
Edmund Pendleton	Virginia	Ya
John Penn	North Carolina		Ya	Ya
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney	South Carolina				Ya
Charles Pinckney	South Carolina				Ya
Peyton Randolph	Virginia	Ya
George Reed	Delaware	Ya	Ya		Ya
Joseph Reed	Pennsylvania			Ya
Daniel Roberdeau	Pennsylvania			Ya
Caesar Rodney	Delaware	Ya	Ya
George Ross	Pennsylvania	Ya	Ya
Benjamin Rush	Pennsylvania		Ya
Edward Rutledge	South Carolina	Ya
John Rutledge	South Carolina	Ya	Ya		Ya
Nathaniel Scudder	New Jersey			Ya
Roger Sherman	Connecticut	Ya	Ya	Ya	Ya
James Smith	Pennsylvania		Ya
Jonathan Bayard Smith	Pennsylvania			Ya
Richard Smith	New Jersey	Ya
Richard Dobbs Spaight	North Carolina				Ya
Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer	Maryland				Ya
Richard Stockton	New Jersey		Ya
Thomas Stone	Maryland		Ya
John Sullivan	New Hampshire	Ya
George Taylor	Pennsylvania		Ya
Edward Telfair	Georgia			Ya
Matthew Thornton	New Hampshire		Ya
Matthew Tilghman	Maryland	Ya
Nicholas Van Dyke	Delaware			Ya
George Walton	Georgia		Ya
John Walton	Georgia			Ya
Samuel Ward	Rhode Island	Ya
George Washington	Virginia	Ya			Ya
John Wentworth, Jr.	New Hampshire			Ya
William Whipple	New Hampshire		Ya
John Williams	North Carolina			Ya
William Williams	Connecticut		Ya
Hugh Williamson	North Carolina				Ya
James Wilson	Pennsylvania		Ya		Ya
Henry Wisner	New York	Ya
John Witherspoon	New Jersey		Ya	Ya
Oliver Wolcott	Connecticut		Ya	Ya
George Wythe	Virginia		Ya

Pendiri lain

Tokoh-tokoh berikut juga disebut sebagai bapak pendiri Amerika Serikat di berbagai sumber tepercaya.

• Abigail Adams, penasihat, istri, dan ibu presiden.^[5]
• Ethan Allen, pemimpin militer dan politik di Vermont.^[6]
• Richard Allen, uskup Afrika-Amerika.^[7]
• John Bartram, botanis, hortikulturis, dan penjelajah.^[8]
• Egbert Benson, politikus dari New York.^[9]
• Elias Boudinot, delegasi New Jersey untuk Kongres Kontinental.^[10]
• Aaron Burr, Wakil Presiden Jefferson.^[11]
• George Rogers Clark, jenderal angkatan darat.^[12]
• George Clinton, gubernur New York dan Wakil Presiden A.S.^[3]
• Tench Coxe, ekonom di Kongres Kontinental.^[13]
• Albert Gallatin, politikus dan Menteri Keuangan.^[14]
• Horatio Gates, jenderal angkatan darat.^[12]
• Nathanael Greene, jenderal angkatan darat.^[12]
• Nathan Hale, tentara A.S. yang ditawan dan dieksekusi tahun 1776.^[5]
• James Iredell, pendukung Konstitusi, hakim.^[3]
• John Paul Jones, kapten angkatan laut.^[12]
• Henry Knox, jenderal angkatan darat, Secretary of War.^[3]
• Tadeusz Kościuszko, jenderal angkatan darat Polandia.^[14]
• Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, jenderal angkatan darat Prancis.^[14]
• Henry Lee III, perwira angkatan darat dan gubernur Virginia.^[12]
• Robert R. Livingston, diplomat dan juris.^[5]
• William Maclay, politikus Pennsylvania dan Senator A.S.^[3]
• Dolley Madison, istri Presiden James Madison.^[5]
• John Marshall, Hakim Agung Amerika Serikat ke-4.^[5]
• George Mason, penulis era revolusi yang menolak menandatangani Konstitusi.^[15]
• Philip Mazzei, dokter, pedagang, dan penulis Italia.^[16]
• James Monroe, Presiden Amerika Serikat ke-5^[17]
• Daniel Morgan, pahlawan militer dan anggota kongres Virginia.^[12]
• James Otis, Jr., pengacara dan politikus Massachusetts.^[18]
• Thomas Paine, penulis Common Sense.^[19][20]
• Andrew Pickens, jenderal angkatan darat dan anggota kongres South Carolina.^[12]
• Timothy Pickering, Menteri Luar Negeri A.S. dari Massachusetts.^[21]
• Israel Putnam, jenderal angkatan darat.^[22]
• Edmund Randolph, Jaksa Umum Amerika Serikat ke-1.^[23]
• Comte de Rochambeau, jenderal angkatan darat Prancis.^[14]
• Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, istri Alexander Hamilton^[24][25]
• Thomas Sumter, pahlawan militer dan anggota kongres South Carolina.^[12]
• Haym Solomon, pemodal dan mata-mata Angkatan Darat Kontinental.^[26]
• Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, perwira Prusia.^[14]
• Joseph Warren, dokter, pemimpin revolusi.^[22]
• Mercy Otis Warren, penulis politik.^[3]
• Anthony Wayne, jenderal angkatan darat dan politikus.^[12]
• Noah Webster, penulis, leksikografer, pengajar.^[27]
• Thomas Willing, bankir.^[28]
• Paine Wingate, penyintas tertua, Kongres Kontinental.^[29][30]

Lihat pula

• Daftar pendiri bangsa (seluruh dunia)
• Sejarah Konstitusi Amerika Serikat
• Rights of Englishmen
• Patriot (Revolusi Amerika Serikat)
• Sons of Liberty
• Kepemimpinan militer pada Perang Revolusi Amerika Serikat
• Orang putih mati
• Teori Tokoh Besar

Catatan kaki

1. americanrevolution.org Key to Trumbull's picture
2. Stanfield, Jack. America's Founding Fathers: Who Are They? Thumbnail Sketches of 164 Patriots (Universal-Publishers, 2001).
3. R. B. Bernstein, The Founding Fathers Reconsidered (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
4. Richard B. Morris, Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries (New York: Harper & Row, 1973).
5. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Founding fathers: the essential guide to the men who made America (John Wiley and Sons, 2007).
6. McWilliams, J. (1976). "The Faces of Ethan Allen: 1760-1860". The New England Quarterly. 49 (2): 257–282. doi:10.2307/364502. JSTOR 364502. 
7. Newman, Richard. Freedom's Prophet: Bishop Richard Allen, the AME Church, and the Black Founding Fathers (NYU Press, 2009).
8. Jane Goodall (27 August 2013). Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants. Grand Central Publishing. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-1-4555-1321-5.
9. Ballenas, Carl. Images of America: Jamaica (Arcadia Publishing, 2011).
10. Holmes, David. The Faiths of the Founding Fathers. (Oxford University Press US, 2006).
11. Wood, Gordon S. Revolutionary Characters, What Made the Founding Fathers Different. (New York: Penguin Books, 2007) 225–242.
12. Buchanan, John. "Founding Fighters: The Battlefield Leaders Who Made American Independence (review)". The Journal of Military History (Volume 71, Number 2, April 2007), pp. 522–524.
13. Stephen Yafa (2006). Cotton: The Biography of a Revolutionary Fiber. Penguin. hlm. 75. 
14. Dungan, Nicholas. Gallatin: America's Swiss Founding Father (NYU Press 2010).
15. Broadwater, Jeff (2006). George Mason, Forgotten Founder. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3053-6. OCLC 67239589. 
16. LaGumina, Salvatore. The Italian American experience: an encyclopedia, page 361 (Taylor & Francis, 2000).
17. Unger, Harlow (2009). James Monroe: The Last Founding Father. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81808-6. 
18. Kann, Mark E. (1999). The Gendering of American Politics: Founding Mothers, Founding Fathers, and Political Patriarchy. ABC-CLIO. hlm. xi. ISBN 978-0-275-96112-1. 
19. "Founding Father Thomas Paine: He Genuinely Abhorred Slavery". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (48): 45. 2005. doi:10.2307/25073236. 
20. David Braff, "Forgotten Founding Father: The Impact of Thomas Paine," in Joyce Chumbley. ed., Thomas Paine: In Search of the Common Good (2009) pp. 39–43
21. Burstein, Andrew. "Politics and Personalities: Garry Wills takes a new look at a forgotten founder, slavery and the shaping of America", Chicago Tribune (November 09, 2003): "Forgotten founders such as Pickering and Morris made as many waves as those whose faces stare out from our currency."
22. Rafael, Ray. The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Founding Fathers: And the Birth of Our Nation (Penguin, 2011).
23. "Founding Fathers: Virginia". FindLaw Constitutional Law Center. 2008. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-14. 
24. Roberts, Cokie. "Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised Our Nation". Harper Perennial, 2005
25. Roberts, Cokie. "Ladies of Liberty: The Women Who Shaped Our Nation". Harper, 2008
26. Schwartz, Laurens R. Jews and the American Revolution: Haym Solomon and Others, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 1987.
27. Kendall, Joshua. The Forgotten Founding Father: Noah Webster's Obsession and the Creation of an American Culture (Penguin 2011).
28. Wright, R. E. (1996). "Thomas Willing (1731-1821): Philadelphia Financier and Forgotten Founding Father". Pennsylvania History. 63 (4): 525–560. doi:10.2307/27773931. JSTOR 27773931.  Parameter |doi_brokendate= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
29. "A Patriot of Early New England", New York Times (December 20, 1931). This book review referred to Wingate as one of the "Fathers" of the United States, per the book title.
30. The New Yorker, Volume I, page 398 (September 10, 1836): "'The Last of the Romans' — This was said of Madison at the time of his decease, but there is one other person who seems to have some claims to this honorable distinction. Paine Wingate of Stratham, N.H. still survives."

Referensi

• American National Biography Online, (2000).
• Richard B. Bernstein, Are We to Be a Nation? The Making of the Constitution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987).
• R. B. Bernstein, The Founding Fathers Reconsidered (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
• Richard D. Brown. "The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A Collective View," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 33, No. 3 (Jul. 1976), pp. 465–480 online at JSTOR.
• Henry Steele Commager, "Leadership in Eighteenth-Century America and Today," Daedalus 90 (Fall 1961): 650–673, reprinted in Henry Steele Commager, Freedom and Order (New York: George Braziller, 1966).
• Joseph J. Ellis. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History.
• Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001).
• Jack P. Greene. "The Social Origins of the American Revolution: An Evaluation and an Interpretation," Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 88, No. 1 (Mar. 1973), pp. 1–22 online in JSTOR.
• P.M.G. Harris, "The Social Origins of American Leaders: The Demographic Foundations, " Perspectives in American History 3 (1969): 159–364.
• Mark E. Kann; The Gendering of American Politics: Founding Mothers, Founding Fathers, and Political Patriarchy (New York: Frederick Praeger, 1999).
• Adrienne Koch; Power, Morals, and the Founding Fathers: Essays in the Interpretation of the American Enlightenment (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1961).
• K. M. Kostyal. Funding Fathers: The Fight for Freedom and the Birth of American Liberty (2014)
• Franklin T. Lambert. The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America. (Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 2003).
• Martin, James Kirby. Men in Rebellion: Higher Governmental Leaders and the coming of the American Revolution, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1973; reprint, New York: Free Press, 1976).
• Morris, Richard B. Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries (New York: Harper & Row, 1973).
• Robert Previdi; "Vindicating the Founders: Race, Sex, Class, and Justice in the Origins of America," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 29, 1999
• Rakove, Jack. Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America(Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2010) 487 pages; scholarly study focuses on how the Founders moved from private lives to public action, beginning in the 1770s
• Cokie Roberts. Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised Our Nation (New York: William Morrow, 2005); popular
• Gordon S. Wood. Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (New York: Penguin Press, 2006)

Pranala luar

• NARA – America's founding fathers (retrieved 09-20-2010)
• Founders Online: Correspondence and Other Writings of Six Major Shapers of the United States
• Encyclopaedia Britannica, The Founding Fathers and Slavery (retrieved 09-20-2010)
• What Happened to the Signers of the Declaration of Independence? (retrieved 09-20-2010)
• Debunks – along with other fact finding sites – the Internet Myth of "What Happened to The Signers of the Declaration of Independence" (retrieved 01-30-15)
• "What Would the Founding Fathers Do Today?" (retrieved 09-20-2010) (Link not working as of 01-30-15) Diarsipkan 2007-01-14 di Wayback Machine.
• Booknotes interview with Bernard Bailyn on To Begin the World Anew, March 23, 2003. Diarsipkan 2012-11-20 di Wayback Machine.
• "Founding Father Quotes, Biographies, and Writings"
• America's Four United Republics Many original documents from www.historic.us

Templat:Dokumen bersejarah Amerika Serikat