Bahasa Geʽez

Bahasa Ge'ez
ግዕዝ Gəʿəz
Pengucapanɡɨʕɨz
Dituturkan diEtiopia , Eritrea
KepunahanDiperkirakan antara abad ke-4 M[1] sampai beberapa saat sebelum abad ke-10.[2]
Masih digunakan sebagai bahasa liturgis.[3]
Aksara Ge'ez
Status resmi
Bahasa resmi di
Bahasa liturgis Gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks Ethiopia, Gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks Eritrea, Gereja Katolik Ethiopia,[3] Gereja Katolik Eritrea, dan Yahudi Etiopia[4]
Kode bahasa
ISO 639-2gez
ISO 639-3gez
Glottologgeez1241[5]
IETFgez
Informasi penggunaan templat
Status pemertahanan
Terancam

CRSingkatan dari Critically endangered (Terancam Kritis)
SESingkatan dari Severely endangered (Terancam berat)
DESingkatan dari Devinitely endangered (Terancam)
VUSingkatan dari Vulnerable (Rentan)
Aman

NESingkatan dari Not Endangered (Tidak terancam)
ICHEL Red Book: Extinct

Ge'ez diklasifikasikan sebagai bahasa yang telah punah (EX) pada Atlas Bahasa-Bahasa di Dunia yang Terancam Kepunahan

Referensi: [6][7]
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Lukisan Perawan Maria 'dengan putra tercintanya', dari sebuah salinan manuskrip Ge'ez Weddasé Māryām, sekitar tahun 1875.

Ge'ez (ግዕዝ, 'Gəʿəz' [ɡɨʕɨz]; juga ditransliterasikan Gi'iz, dan disebut Ethiopik) adalah sebuah bahasa Semitik Selatan kuno yang berkembang di kawasan utara Ethiopia dan Eritrea selatan di Tanduk Afrika. Bahasa ini kemudian menjadi bahasa resmi Kerajaan Aksum dan mahkamah kekaisaran Ethiopia.

Hari ini Ge'ez masih menjadi bahasa utama yang digunakan pada liturgi Gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks Ethiopia, Gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks Eritrea, Gereja Katolik Ethiopia, Gereja Katolik Eritrea, juga komunitas Yahudi Beta Israel. Tetapi, di Ethiopia bahasa Amharik (lingua franca utama Ethiopia modern) atau bahasa lokal lain, dan di Eritrea dan Region Tigray di Ethiopia, bahasa Tigrinya masih digunakan untuk khotbah.

Contoh

Kalimat pertama Kitab Henokh:

ቃለ፡ በረከት፡ ዘሄኖክ፡ ዘከመ፡ ባረከ፡ ኅሩያነ፡ ወጻድቃነ፡ እለ፡ ሀለው፡ ይኩኑ፡
በዕለተ፡ ምንዳቤ፡ ለአሰስሎ፡ ኲሉ፡ እኩያን፡ ወረሲዓን።
Ḳāla barakat za-Hēnok zakama bārraka ḫirūyāna waṣādiḳāna ʾila halaw yikūnū
baʿilata mindābē laʾasaslō kʷīlū ʾikūyān warasīʿān
"Kalimat berkat Henok, yang dengannya ia memberkati orang-orang yang terpilih dan yang benar yang akan bertahan hidup dalam hari kesusahan yang akan menyingkirkan semua orang yang jahat dan mereka yang murtad."

Lihat pula

Catatan

  1. ^ Evans De Lacy O'Leary, 2000 Comparative grammar of the Semitic languages. Routledge. p. 23.
  2. ^ Gene Gragg 1997. The Semitic Languages. Taylor & Francis. Robert Hetzron ed. ISBN 978-0-415-05767-7.
  3. ^ a b "No longer in popular use, Ge'ez has always remained the language of the Church", [CHA]
  4. ^ "They read the Bible in Geez" (Leaders and Religion of the Falashas); "after each passage, recited in Geez, the translation is read in Kailina" (Festivals). [PER]. Note the publication date of this source.
  5. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Geez". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 
  6. ^ "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Spanyol, Rusia, and Tionghoa). UNESCO. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2011. 
  7. ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). UNESCO. 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 31 Mei 2022. Diakses tanggal 31 Mei 2022. 

Bahan pustaka

Tata bahasa

  • Aläqa Tayyä, Maṣḥafa sawāsəw. Monkullo: Swedish Mission 1896/7 (= E.C. 1889).
  • Chaîne, Marius, Grammaire éthiopienne. Beyrouth: Imprimerie catholique 1907, 1938 (Nouvelle édition). (electronic version at the Internet Archive).
  • Cohen, Marcel, "la pronunciation traditionelle du Guèze (éthiopien classique)", in: Journal asiatique (1921) Sér. 11 / T. 18 (electronic version in Gallica digital library of the Bibliothèque nationale de France PDF).
  • Dillmann, August; Bezold, Carl, Ethiopic Grammar, 2nd edition translated from German by James Crichton, London 1907. ISBN 1-59244-145-9 (2003 reprint). (Published in German: ¹1857, ²1899).
  • Gäbrä-Yohannəs Gäbrä-Maryam, Gəss - Mäzgäbä-ḳalat - Gə'əz-ənna Amarəñña; yä-Gə'əz ḳʷanḳʷa mämmariya (A Grammar of Classical Ethiopic). Addis Ababa 2001/2002 (= E.C. 1994)[1][pranala nonaktif permanen]
  • Gene Gragg "Ge`ez Phonology," in: Phonologies of Asia and Africa (Vol 1), ed. A. S. Kaye & P. T. Daniels, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana (1997).
  • Kidanä Wäld Kəfle, Maṣḥafa sawāsəw wagəss wamazgaba ḳālāt ḥaddis ("A new grammar and dictionary"), Dire Dawa: Artistik Matämiya Bet 1955/6 (E.C. 1948).
  • Lambdin, Thomas O., Introduction to Classical Ethiopic, Harvard Semitic Studies 24, Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press 1978. ISBN 0-89130-263-8.
  • Ludolf, Hiob, Grammatica aethiopica. Londini 1661; 2nd ed. Francofurti 1702.
  • Praetorius, Franz, Äthiopische Grammatik, Karlsruhe: Reuther 1886.
  • Weninger, Stefan, Ge‘ez grammar, Munich: LINCOM Europa, ISBN 3-929075-04-0 (1st edition, 1993), ISBN 3-89586-604-0 (2nd revised edition, 1999).
  • Weninger, Stefan, Das Verbalsystem des Altäthiopischen: Eine Untersuchung seiner Verwendung und Funktion unter Berücksichtigung des Interferenzproblems", Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 2001. ISBN 3-447-04484-5.
  • Tropper, Josef, Altäthiopisch: Grammatik der Ge'ez mit Übungstexten und Glossar, Elementa Linguarum Orientis (ELO) 2, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag 2002. ISBN 3-934628-29-X
  • Vittorio, Mariano, Chaldeae seu Aethiopicae linguae institutiones, Roma 1548.
  • Wemmers, Linguae aethiopicae institutiones, Roma 1638.

Sastra

Kamus

  • Dillmann, August, Lexicon linguæ Æthiopicæ cum indice Latino, Lipsiae 1865.
  • Leslau, Wolf, Comparative Dictionary of Geez (Classical Ethiopic): Geez-English, English-Geez, with an Index of the Semitic Roots, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1987. ISBN 3-447-02592-1.
  • Leslau, Wolf, Concise Dictionary of Ge‘ez (Classical Ethiopic), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1989. ISBN 3-447-02873-4.
  • Ludolf, Hiob, Lexicon Aethiopico-Latinum, Ed. by J. M. Wansleben, London 1661.
  • Wemmers, J., Lexicon Aethiopicum, Rome 1638.

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