Powèt

Powèt la nan detrès (William Hogarth, 1736).

Yon powèt (an fransè: poète, ansyen òtograf: poëte) se yon moun ki di oswa ekri youn oswa plizyè powèm. Pou fanm lan se (a) powèt oswa powètès[1],[2]. Li se yon moun ki posede la pou konbine mo, sonorite, rit pou evoke imaj, sijere sansasyon, emosyon. Homer, Sophocles, Pinda ak Sappho se te powèt nan estil respektif yo: pwezi epik, pwezi dramatik, pwezi lirik.


Istwa

Nan Ansyen Wòm, powèt pwofesyonèl yo te anjeneral patwone pa kliyan, sipòtè rich, espesyalman nòb ak militè a[3]. Pa egzanp, Gayis Maecenas (nan franse Maecenas), yon zanmi Seza Ogust, se te yon patwon enpòtan nan powèt out yo, ki gen ladan Horace ak Virgil. Pandan ke Ovid, yon powèt ki byen etabli, premye anperè women an Augustus te depòte soti Wòm. Sappho se youn nan kèk powèt fi nan Antikite grèk la ki te reyalize gwo renome.

Powèt yo te okipe yon plas enpòtan nan sosyete arab pre-islamik la, ak powèt la oswa Sha'ir (en) te jwe wòl istoryen, divinò ak pwopagann. Pawòl ki t ap fè lwanj tribi an (qit'ah) ak antèn ki denigre lòt tribi (hija') te sanble yo te pami fòm pwezi ansyen yo ki pi popilè. Sha'ir te kreye prestij ak enpòtans yon tribi endividyèl nan Penensil Arabi a, epi mok batay nan pwezi oswa zajal la ranplase lagè aktyèl yo. Ukaz, yon vil mache ki pa lwen Lamèk, regilyèman òganize yon festival pwezi kote atizana yo nan sha'ir yo te ekspoze.

Nan segondè Mwayennaj yo, Twoubadou te konstitye yon kategori enpòtan nan powèt epi yo te bay yon gran varyete orijin. Yo te viv ak vwayaje nan anpil kote diferan epi yo te jwe kòm aktè oswa mizisyen otan ke powèt. Yo te souvan patwone, men anpil vwayaje anpil.

Peryòd Renesans la te wè patwonaj la kontinye nan powèt pa wayote. Anpil powèt te gen lòt sous revni, sepandan, ki gen ladan Italyen tankou Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio ak Petrarch ki te travay nan yon Guild famasyen ak William Shakespeare ki te travay nan teyat la.

Soti nan peryòd romantik, anpil powèt yo te ekriven endepandan ki te viv nan travay yo, souvan complétée pa revni nan lòt okipasyon oswa fanmi[4], ki gen ladan William Wordsworth ak Robert Burns.

Powèt tankou Virgil nan Aeneid la ak John Milton nan Paradise Lost te envoke èd yon miz.

Fòmasyon

Powèt nan tan lontan yo te souvan kiltive anpil epi enstwi, pandan ke anpil lòt te otodiktak. Kèk powèt, tankou John Gower ak John Milton, te kapab ekri powèm nan plis pase yon lang. Kèk powèt Pòtigè, tankou Francisco de Sá de Miranda, te ekri non sèlman an Pòtigè men tou an Panyòl[5]. Jan Kochanowski te ekri an Polonè ak Laten[6], France Prešeren ak Karel Hynek Mácha[7] te ekri kèk powèm an Alman, byenke yo se powèt Sloveni ak Czech respektivman. Adam Mickiewicz, pi gwo powèt nan lang Polonè a, te ekri yon od an laten pou Anperè Napoleon III. Yon lòt egzanp se Jerzy Pietrkiewicz, yon powèt Polonè. Lè li te rete nan Grann Bretay, li te sispann ekri powèm nan Polonè, men li te kòmanse ekri woman an angle. Li te tradui tou powèm soti nan lang angle ak nan lang angle[8].

Anpil inivèsite ofri diplòm nan ekriti kreyatif, byenke sa yo te vin sèlman nan 20yèm syèk la. Malgre ke kou sa yo pa nesesè pou yon karyè powèt, yo ka itil kòm fòmasyon epi pou pèmèt moun ki etidye pwezi pase plizyè ane konsantre sou ekriti yo[9].

Plas fanm nan pwofesyon an

Premye powèt li te ye a se Enheduanna, yon Simeryen[10].

Powèt yo te toujou gen difikilte pou jwenn rekonesans nan pwofesyon an, akòz pwoblèm senbolik ak reprezantasyon fèb yo[11].

Piblikasyon yon koleksyon sonèt pa Nathalie Barney an 1900 ki te rele Quelques portraits, sonnets de femmes, powèm, ki te gen anbisyon pou kreye yon koloni fanm powèt, te ankouraje d 'lòt. fanm Renée Vivien pou yo pibliye[12]. Se alantou lanmou komen yo nan pwezi ke Nathalie Barney ak Marguerite Yourcenar vin zanmi[12].

An 1990, Mary Robinson te li yon powèm Eavan Boland (en) lè li te inogirasyon kòm premye fanm ki te vin Prezidan Repiblik Iland[11].

Kesyon ki gen rapò ak jan yo

Tèks yo ateste ke François Ie (roi de France) ki t ap poze kesyon powèt li a Clément Marot sou fason pou byen sèvi ak lang franse a konsènan zafè akò yo te bay règ akò patisipan pase a nan Timoun yo, tande yon leson ki te swiv règ akò ki pi pwòch la[13].

Powetès

Nan kèk diksyonè, tèm "powetès" la konsidere kòm pejoratif epi yo konsidere ke li ta gen tandans disparèt[1]. Dapre Kèk diksyonè [14], dezafeksyon pou tèm nan soti nan premye tyè 18tyèm syèk la depi li te tonbe nan dezafizyon. , nan pwen pou yo te ranplase pa yon powèt an 1793[15]. Kesyon sèks nan pwezi ak antoloji pa jan yo diskite[16],[17],[18],[19].

Nòt ak Referans

  1. 1,0 et 1,1 Anne Debrosse, Le mot “poétesse” dans les dictionnaires, ou la tentation de l’épicène (XVIe – XVIIe syèks), Réforme, Humanisme, Renaissance, numéro 78, 2014, doi:10.3406/rhren.2014.3361, passage=7-29, lire en ligne:https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhren_1771-1347_2014_num_78_1_3361, consulté le 2021-01-01.
  2. Définitions lexicographiques et étymologiques de « Powèt » dans le Trésor de la langue française informatisé, sur le site du Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales: « Ra. [Ak yon detèminasyon. to fem.] Synon. powèt. Stil la pou mwen, ki natirèl pou mwen, se style la ditirambik ak anfle. Mwen se youn nan kriyan yo nan dezè lavi a. Adye, powèt cheri mwen (Flaub., Corresp., 1853, p. 224). Wè tou nan Bibliyotèk la yon Anglè ke Trebutien prezante m ', yon powèt - yon Modèl:Mme, mwen kwè (Barb. d'Aurev. , ' 'Memwa. 3, 1856, p. 31). »
  3. Barbara K. Gold, (2014) Patwonaj literè ak atistik nan lavil Wòm antik, University of Texas Peze
  4. Peter T. Murphy (2005) "Pwezi kòm yon okipasyon ak yon Art nan Grann Bretay" Cambridge University Press
  5. « Francisco de Sá de Miranda | Pòtigè otè & # 124; Britannica », sur www.britannica.com
  6. « ANSIKLOPEDI KATOLIK: Jan Kochanowski », sur www .newadvent .org
  7. « Karel Hynek Mácha: Yon powèt prensipal nan Romanticism Czech – Prag Blog »
  8. « Jerzy Peterkiewicz: Powèt Polonè tounen yon romansye angle »,
  9. Nikki Moustaki (2001) , The Complete Idiot's Guide to Writing. Pwezi, Penguin.
  10. (en) « Fichye: Princess Enheduana », sur Pourlascience.fr
  11. 11,0 et 11,1 Marc Porée, « Pouvwa fi. pwezi », (ISSN 0014-195X), p. 304–316
  12. 12,0 et 12,1 (en) « “Poukisa yon moun ta blame m paske mwen se madivin? »: Natalie Clifford Barney, Amazon nan rue Jacob »,
  13. Clément Marot, Travay Clement Marot Valet -de-chambre nan François I. Roy de France, revize nan plizyè Maniskri, ak nan plis pase karant edisyon; ak ogmante ak divès kalite powèm veritab, osi byen ke sa yo ki te fo atribiye li yo: ak travay yo nan Jean Marot Papa l ', sa yo nan Michel Marot Pitit li a, ak moso yo nan diferan pa Clement ak François Sagon; Akonpaye pa yon Prefas Istorik ak Obsèvasyon kritik, t. II, , « Epigram li disip ».
  14. Dictionnaire historique de la langue française (Le Robert, 1998)
  15. « Kisa yon powèt fi ye? Istwa, kreyasyon, politik », sur Histoires de(s) femmes.
  16. Gérald Purnelle, « De 1870-1970: yon syèk nan pwezi fi », .
  17. Christine Planté (direktè), Maskil/Feminin nan pwezi ak powetik 19yèm syèk la, (ISBN 978-2-7297-1076-7).
  18. « Powèm pwoz fanm/maskilen an (avèk Marguerite Burnat-Provins, Judith Gautier/Walter, Pierre Louÿs, René(e) Vivien) », dans Maskil / Feminin nan pwezi ak powetik 19yèm syèk la, (ISBN 978-2-7297-1076-7), p. 469–485.
  19. Agnès Giard, « Èske pwezi fi egziste? », .

Gade tou

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