Sovjetsko-poljski rat

Sovjetsko-poljski rat
Dio Ruskog građanskog rata

gore lijevo: tenkovi FT-17 poljske 1. tenkovske pukovnije za vrijeme bitke kod Dyneburga, siječanj 1920; dolje lijevo: poljske i ukrajinske trupe u Kijevu, Kijevska ofenziva (1920.) Hreščatik, 7. svibnja 1920.; gore desno: poljski položaj s mitraljezom Schwarzlose M.07/12 MG za vrijeme Bitke kod Radzymina, 1920.; sredina: poljski položaji s mitraljezima kraj Miłosne, u selu Janki, Varšavska bitka, kolovoz 1920.; dolje lijevo: ruski zarobljenici na putu između Radzymina i Varšave nakon napada Crvene armije na Varšavu.; dolje desno: poljski položaji u Bjelorusiji, Bitka na Njemenu, rujan 1920.
Vrijeme 1919.–1921.
Lokacija Srednja i Istočna Europa
Ishod

Poljsko-sovjetski rat, Sovjetsko-poljski rat ili Poljsko-boljševički rat je bio oružani sukob koji se od proljeća 1919. do jeseni 1920. vodio između obnovljene poljske države (tzv. Druga republika) na jednoj, te boljševičkih država na čelu sa Sovjetskom Rusijom na drugoj strani.

Uzrok je bila borba za kontrolu zapadnih dijelova nekadašnjeg Ruskog Carstva, koje se raspalo nakon revolucije 1917. godine, odnosno krajnjih sjeveroistočnih dijelova Austro-Ugarske koja se raspala nakon poraza u Prvom svjetskom ratu. Poljsko-sovjetski rat se često, pogotovo u Rusiji, smatra dijelom šire cjeline Ruskog građanskog rata, odnosno nastojanja različitih država i frakcija da se uništi novostvoreni boljševički režim u Rusiji. Iako je sukob između Poljaka i boljševika u manjoj mjeri neprekidno tinjao od kraja 1918. godine, a poljske snage do jeseni 1919. prodrle duboko u današnju Bjelorusiju i Latviju, do njegove eskalacije je došlo tek u proljeće 1920. kada su Poljaci pokrenuli veliku ofanzivu s ciljem stvaranja pro-poljske ukrajinske države koja bi se priključila federaciji tzv. Međumorja.

Nakon početnih uspjeha u kojima je nakratko zauzet Kijev, poljske snage su odbačene u velikoj kontraofenzivi Crvene armije koja je nastavila prodirati na zapad, uspjela prijeći Vislu i ugroziti Varšavu, a samim time i samo postojanje Poljske. Boljševičke planove za stvaranje sovjetske Poljske je, međutim, zaustavila pobjeda Poljaka u Varšavskoj bitci, također poznatoj kao "čudo na Visli"; Crvena armija se u neredu povukla na istok i nakon poraza u Bitci na Njemenu su sovjetske vlasti u listopadu 1920. ponudile primirje koje je prihvaćeno. Rat je formalno okončan mirom u Rigi, kojim su poljske granice pomaknute daleko na istok, te su sadržavale velike dijelove današnje Bjelorusije i Ukrajine. Poljsko-sovjetski rat je Poljsku učinio regionalnom silom u međuratnom razdoblju, a njegovi su rezultati značajno doprinijeli izbijanju Drugog svjetskog rata.

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