Lev Davidovič Landau

Lev Davidovič Landau

Rođenje 22. siječnja 1908.
Baku, Azerbajdžan
Smrt 1. travnja 1968.
Moskva, Rusija
Državljanstvo Sovjetski savez
Polje Teorijska fizika
Institucija Institut za fiziku u Harkovu
Istaknuti studenti Aleksej Aleksejevič Abrikosov
Poznat po Niskotemperaturna fizika, Supratekućina
Istaknute nagrade Nobelova nagrada za fiziku 1962.
Portal o životopisima

Lev Davidovič Landau (Baku, 22. siječnja 1908. – Moskva, 1. travnja 1968.), ruski fizičar. Od 1932. ravnatelj Instituta za fiziku u Harkovu; izgradio je takozvanu sovjetsku školu teorijske fizike, pa je Harkov postao središte teorijske fizike u bivšem Sovjetskom savezu. Od 1946. član Akademije znanosti SSSR-a, od 1947. profesor u Moskvi. Landau je istraživao gotovo cijelo područje teorijske fizike: teoriju polja, dijamagnetizam tvrdoga tijela, kvantnu elektrodinamiku, fiziku niskih temperatura (niskotemperaturna fizika), nuklearnu fiziku, probleme elementarnih čestica i kozmičke zrake. Smatra se jednim od najvećih fizičara 20 stoljeća. Za radove o superfluidnosti (supratekućina) helija dobio je 1962. Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku. Autor je niza knjiga. Posmrtno su mu izdani Sabrani radovi (rus. Sobranie trudov, I–II, 1969.).[1]

Supratekućina ili suprafluidnost

Suprafluidni helij koji se nalazi u gornjoj posudi će pomalo isticati iz nje, kap po kap, sve dok se ne isprazni.

Suprafluidnost je stanje ukapljenoga helija koje se očituje gibanjem tekućine bez trenja na ekstremno niskoj temperaturi uz očuvana adhezijska svojstva. Otkrio ju je 1937. Pjotr Leonidovič Kapica, a neovisno o njem otkrili su ju iste godine Donald Misener i John Frank Allen proučavajući pojave do kojih dolazi kada se helij ohladi na temperaturu nižu od 2.17 K. Ako se na primjer u suprafluidni helij djelomično uroni prazna posuda, po njezinim će se stijenkama u tankom sloju (do 30 nm) helij penjati i spuštati u posudu sve dok se razina helija u posudi ne izjednači s razinom okolnoga helija; ako se kapilarna cjevčica jednim krajem uroni u suprafluidni helij i osvijetli, na njezinu će gornjem kraju istjecati helij poput vodoskoka visoka do 10 centimetara (takozvani učinak vodoskoka). Danska fizičarka Lena Hau uspjela je 1999. u suprafluidu usporiti svjetlost do brzine 17 m/s, a 2001. uspjela ju je zaustaviti.

Helijevi izotopi 4He i 3He imaju različita suprafluidna stanja, a zbog različitoga broja neutrona u atomskoj jezgri (različitog spina) pripadaju različitim statistikama (kvantna statistika). Izotop helija 4He, sa spinom 0, je bozon, podvrgava se Bose-Einsteinovoj statististici, ukapljuje se na 4.2 K i prelazi u suprafluidno stanje na temperaturi 2.17 K, a izotop 3He, sa spinom 1/2, podvrgava se Fermi-Diracovoj statististici, ukapljuje se na 3.19 K, postaje suprafluidan na temperaturi 2.6 mK i ima dva različita suprafluidna stanja.

Teorijski doprinos tumačenju suprafluidnosti helijeva izotopa 4He prvi su dali Laszlo Tisza i Lev Davidovič Landau 1941. u dvokomponentnom modelu s kvazičesticama fononima i rotonima, a kvantnomehanički ju je nadogradio Richard Feynman. Objašnjenje suprafluidnosti izotopa 3He uklopilo se u poopćenu BCS-teoriju (supravodljivost). Postizanje suprafluidnosti još je vrlo skupo zbog potrebnih izuzetno niskih temperatura i iznimne čistoće helija, pa se primjenjuje uglavnom u znanstvenim istraživanjima, na primjer pri proučavanju pojedinačnih molekula plina u suprafluidu, gdje se one zbog nedostatka trenja gibaju potpuno slobodno; za održavanje osjetljivih mjernih instrumenata ili dijelova instrumenata na niskoj temperaturi (u astronomskom satelitu za opažanje infracrvenoga zračenja, IRAS, koji je lansiran 1983., s pomoću 720 litara suprafluidnoga helija instrumenti se čuvaju na temperaturi 1.6 K). U širem smislu stanje elektrona u supravodiču također je suprafluidno.[2]

Izvori

  1. Landau, Lev Davidovič, [1] "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2014.
  2. suprafluidnost, [2] "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2014.

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