Histologija

Histologija
Suvremeni histološki laboratorij.

Znanstveno polje	Temeljne medicinske znanosti
Znanstveno područje	Biomedicina i zdravstvo
Klasifikacija znanosti u Hrvatskoj

Histologija (grč. histos – tkivo; logos - riječ, znanost) je medicinska znanost o tkivima (u užem smislu), odnosno, nauka o sastavu višestaničnih organizama.

Histologija se obično povezuje s embriologijom te se kao takva dijeli na četiri osnovna područja: opća histologija, opća embriologija, specijalna histologija i specijalna embriologija. U opću histologiju spadaju :

U specijalnu histologiju ubrajamo topografsku histologiju po regijama tijela (e.g. žilni sustav, muški spolni sustav, osjetni organi - oko i uho, neuroendokrini sustav...)

Neke od grana histologije su histofizika, histokemija i histofiziologija.

Razvoj histologije kroz povijest

Današnja histologija proučava mikroskopsku građu organizma, no histologija je znanost koja se razvijala i prije upotrebe mikroskopa. Već je Aristotel razlikovao pojedina osnovna tkiva u organizmu te je izučavao njihova bitna svojstva. "Ocem histologije" danas smatramo Mariea Francoisa Xaviera Bichata koji je u svojoj knjizi Opća anatomija (L'anatomie generale) podrobno iznio svojstva pojedinih tkiva, ali bez mikroskopske analize. On je, naime, smatrao tkiva nedjeljivim elementima, a organe ujedinjenima te je tako u samim počecima histologiju povezao s fiziologijom.

Tek je upotreba mikroskopa otvorila vrata novim spoznajama. Prvi korak u poznavanju bolje građe tkiva napravio je Robert Hooke kad je pomoću mikroskopa utvrdio da je svako tkivo sastavljeno od sitnijih dijelova - stanica.

Prvi koji u svojim radovima iznose shvaćanja da je organizam izgrađen od stanica su Henri Dutrochet, Pierre Jean Francois Turpin, Francois Vincent Raspail i Carl Anton Meyer.

Vanjske poveznice

Logotip Zajedničkog poslužitelja

Zajednički poslužitelj ima još gradiva o temi Histologija

Mrežna mjesta

histologija, Hrvatska enciklopedija
Histološki atlas Zavoda za histologiju i embriologiju Medicinskog fakulteta u Rijeci

Histologija: epitelno tkivo

Vrste

Jednoslojni epitel (Jednoslojni pločasti epitel, Jednoslojni kubični epitel, Jednoslojni cilindrični epitel, Višeredni cilindrični epitel), Mnogoslojni epitel epitel (Dvoslojni kubični epitel, Dvoslojni cilindrični epitel, Mnogoslojni pločasti oroženi epitel, Mnogoslojni pločasti neoroženi epitel, Mnogoslojni cilindrični epitel, Prijelazni epitel), Neuroepitelne stanice i mioepitelne stanice, Njušni epitel, respiratorni epitel

Spojevi

Lateralni-međustanični	Zonula okludens - zonula adherens - Dezmosom - Tijesni spoj
Bazalni	Bazalna lamina - Hemidezmosom - Fokalna adhezija
Apikalni	Cilije - Mikrovili - Stereocilije

v • u Histologija: vezivno tkivo

Vrste	embrionalno (Mezenhim) u užem smislu (Rijetko vezivno tkivo, Gusto vezivno tkivo - neformirano i formirano), s posebnim svojstvima (Elastično tkivo, Masno tkivo - bijelo masno tkivo i smeđe masno tkivo, Retikularno tkivo, Sluzavo tkivo, Pigmentno tkivo), potporno (Hrskavično tkivo, Koštano tkivo), Posebna tkiva (Krv, limfa)

Ekstracelularni matriks	Osnovna tvar (inetersticijska tekućina) vlakna (kolagen, retikularna vlakna, elastična vlakna)

Stanice	fibroblasti, adipociti, hondroblasti, osteoblasti, migrirajuće stanice

v • u Histologija: mišićno tkivo

Poprečnoprugasto	epimizij, mišićni snop, perimizij, endomizij, mišićno vlakno (intrafuzalno, ekstrafuzalno), miofibrili sarkomera (A, I, i H pruge; Z i M crte), miofilamenti (aktin, miozin, titin, nebulin), tropomiozin, troponin (T, C, I) Kostamera (distrofin, α,β-distrobrevin, sinkoilin, sinemin/dezmuzlin, disbindin, sarkoglikan, distroglikan, sarkospan), dezmin neuromuskularna spojnica, motorička jedinica, mišićno vreteno, pretvaranje ekscitacije u kontrakciju, mehanizam klizanja filamenata mioblast, satelitna stanica, sarkoplazma, sarkolema, sarkoplazmatski retikulum, T-tubuli

Srčano	miokard, interkalirani diskovi, nebuleta

Glatko	kalmodulin, vaskularni glatki mišić

v • u Histologija: živčano tkivo

Neuroni (siva tvar)	soma, akson (aksonski brežuljak, aksoplazma, aksolema, neurofibrili/neurofilamenti), dendriti (Nisslova tjelešca, dendritički šiljak) tipovi stanica (bipolarna, pseudounipolarna, multipolarna, piramidalna, Purkinjeova, zrnata)

Aferentni živac/Osjetni živac/Osjetni neuron	GSA, GVA, SSA, SVA, vlakna Ia, Ib, II ili Aβ, III ili Aδ ili brza bol, IV ili C ili spora bol

Eferentni živac/Motorni živac/Motorni neuron	GSE, GVE, SVE, Gornji motorni neuron, Donji motorni neuron (Aα motoneuron, Aγ motorneuron)

Sinapsa	neuropil, sinaptički mjehurić, neuromuskularna spojnica, električna sinapsa - Interneuroni (Renshaw)

Osjetni receptori	Slobodni živčani završeci, Meissnerovo tjelešce, Merkelove pločice, Mišićno vreteno, Pacinijevo tjelešce, Ruffinijevo tjelešce, Njušni receptori, Fotorecetori, Slušne stanice s dlačicama, Okusni pupoljak

Glia stanice	astrociti, oligodendrociti, ependimske stanice, mikroglija, radijalna glija

Mijelinska ovojnica (bijela tvar)	Schwannova stanica, oligodendrociti, Ranvierov čvor, internodalni segment, Schmidt-Lantermanovi zarezi, neurolema

Poveznice s vezivom	epineurij, perineurij, endoneurij, živčani snop, meningea

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