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Ćirilica

Zastupljenost ćirilice u svijetu
Povijest alfabeta

srednje brončano doba 19. – 15. st. pr. Kr.

meroitičko 3. st. pr. Kr.
Genealogija

Ćirilica je pismo koje se rabi u istočnoj Europi, te sjevernoj i središnjoj Aziji. Ćirilicu koriste sljedeći slavenski jezici (neki isključivo, a neki ravnopravno uz latinicu):

Ćirilicu rabe i mnogi neslavenski jezici na području bivšeg Sovjetskog Saveza (kazaški, kirgiski, tatarski, baškirski, čečenski) i njegovih satelitskih država (Mongolija). Do 1860. godine ćirilica se rabila i u Rumunjskoj, a do 1990. i u Moldaviji. Na latinicu su prešli i neki drugi jezici država koje su nastale raspadom Sovjetskog Saveza, npr. azerski, turkmenski i uzbečki.

Ulaskom Bugarske u EU 1. siječnja 2007., ćirilica postaje treće službeno pismo EU, uz latinicu i grčko pismo.[1] Prema podatcima iz 2011. godine 252 milijuna ljudi u Euroaziji rabi ćirilicu kao službeno pismo za svoj narodni jezik.

Ćirilica je pismo koje se pojavilo nakon glagoljice, slavenskog pisma koje su u 9. st. razvili Ćiril i Metod, da bi približili Sveto Pismo slavenskim narodima na balkanskom poluotoku. Glagoljica je bila dosta složena, pa su učenici Ćirila i Metoda stvorili novo pismo koristeći grčki alfabet, dok su slova tipična za slavenske jezike i koja ne postoje u grčkom pismu ostala u izvornom obliku iz glagoljice. U 12. st. ćirilica je glavno pismo u pravoslavnih Slavena, a uporaba glagoljice zadržala se uglavnom kod Hrvata u nekim djelovima Hrvatske i Slovenije.[2] Kod Hrvata se javlja posebna hrvatska redakcija ćirilice koja je bila u uporabi do polovice 19. stoljeća, a u nekim krajevima u lokalnoj komunikaciji i u 20. stoljeću. Svojim imenom ćirilica odaje počast sv. Ćirilu koji je stvorio glagoljicu, a time posredno i ćirilicu. Ćirilicu je prema jednom mišljenju izmislio Kliment Ohridski, Ćirilov i Metodov učenik, ali ova tvrdnja je sporna.

Slova ćirilice

Poput abecede u hrvatskom jeziku, ćirilična abeceda u srpskom jeziku (azbuka) ima 30 slova. Slova azbuke poredana su drugim redoslijedom.


азбука — azbuka
red. br.  Ћирилица Latinica
1 А, а A, a
2 Б, б B, b
3 В, в V, v
4 Г, г G, g
5 Д, д D, d
6 Ђ, ђ Đ, đ
7 Е, е E, e
8 Ж, ж Ž, ž
9 З, з Z, z
10 И, и I, i
11 Ј, ј J, j
12 К, к K, k
13 Л, л L, l
14 Љ, љ Lj, lj
15 М, м M, m
16 Н, н N, n
17 Њ, њ Nj, nj
18 О, о O, o
19 П, п P, p
20 Р, р R, r
21 С, с S, s
22 Т, т T, t
23 Ћ, ћ Ć, ć
24 У, у U, u
25 Ф, ф F, f
26 Х, х H, h
27 Ц, ц C, c
28 Ч, ч Č, č
29 Џ, џ Dž, dž
30 Ш, ш Š, š


Ruska ćirilica ima dodatna slova, koja su nastala iz staroslavenskih glasova, najviše slova "jat". To su:

  • Ё, ё – "jo"
  • Й, й – kratko "i" (čita se slično kao "j")
  • Щ, щ – "šč"
  • Ъ, ъ – tvrdi znak
  • Ы, ы – jeri (tvrdo "i")
  • Ь, ь – meki znak
  • Э, э – E, e
  • Ю, ю – "ju"
  • Я, я – "ja"


Dodatna ukrajinska slova:

  • Ї, ї – "ji"
  • Є, є – "je"
  • Ґ, ґ – G, g
  • І, і – I, i


Dodatna bjeloruska slova:

  • Ў, ў – kratko "у"


Dodatna makedonska slova:

  • Ѓ, ѓ – Đ, đ
  • Ѕ, ѕ – Dz, dz
  • Ќ, ќ – Ć, ć

Crnogorska ćirilica ima dodatna dva slova – Ć i З́, čiji su latinični ekvivalenti Ś i Ź.


Pretvorbe

Ćirilica se najčešće može pretvoriti u latinicu automatiziranim računalnim alatima. Uvjet je postojanje teksta u digitaliziranom obliku. Neki oblici ćirilice se mogu čak pretvoriti skoro 1:1, to jest svako slovo, ali poneka posebna slova ne postoje u drugim pismima (posebno latinici) najčešće izvedena iz staroslavenskog slova jat.

Izvori

  1. Leonard Orban. 24. svibnja 2007. Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European (PDF). europe.eu (engleski). Pristupljeno 5. travnja 2015.
  2. Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža. 25. siječnja 2019. Juri Žakan. lzmk.hr. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 21. listopada 2013. Pristupljeno 25. siječnja 2019.
Nedovršeni članak Ćirilica koji govori o pismu treba dopuniti. Dopunite ga prema pravilima Wikipedije.

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