William Gerard

Infotaula de personaSir Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
William Gerard
Beathaisnéis
Breith1518 (Féilire Ghréagóra)
Bás1581 (Féilire Ghréagóra)
62/63 bliana d'aois
Ball Parlaiminte i bParlaimint Shasana
Member of the 1563-67 Parliament (en) Aistrigh

Toghcheantar: Cathair Chester
Member of the 1571 Parliament (en) Aistrigh

Toghcheantar: Cathair Chester
Member of the 1559 Parliament (en) Aistrigh

Toghcheantar: Cathair Chester
Member of the 1555 Parliament (en) Aistrigh

Toghcheantar: Cathair Chester
Member of the 1558 Parliament (en) Aistrigh

Toghcheantar: Cathair Chester
Ball de Pharlaimint 1572-83

Toghcheantar: Cathair Chester
Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Gníomhaíocht
Gairmbreitheamh, polaiteoir Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Teaghlach
PáisteSidney Gerard Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
AthairGilbert Gerard  agus Eleanor Davison

Státaire Sasanach ba ea an Ridire William Gerard (1518–1581), a rinne sárobair ar son an rialtais i Sasana, sa Bhreatain Bheag agus in Éirinn. Chaith sé na blianta fada ina fheisire ó Chester i nDáil Shasana agus bhí sé ina Leas-Uachtarán ar Chomhairle na Breataine Bige agus na gCríoch.

Chaith sé cúig bliana mar Ard-Seansailéir na hÉireann agus rinne tréaniarracht ar an gcóras dlí a leasú. I 1573 ceapadh é mar Dhéan Ardeaglais Naomh Pádraig i mBaile Átha Cliath, cé gur admhaigh sé go raibh “gearradh coinsiasa” ag goilliúint air faoi ghlacadh leis an bpost, mar nach raibh sé ina eaglaiseach.

Óige

Armas Chathair Chester

Rugadh é in Ince in Lancashire do Elizabeth Davison, iníon bhardasaigh de chuid Chester, agus do Gilbert Gerard. Chuaigh sé isteach in Gray’s Inn i 1543 agus rinneadh dlíodóir de i 1546.

Cé gur maítear nach raibh a dhóthain eolais aige ar an dlí chun a bheith ina Ard-Seansailéir,[1] fuair sé a lán taithí roimhe sin: ceapadh é mar Ard-Aighne na Breataine Bige i 1554, mar Bhreitheamh Chester i 1556,mar ghiúistís sa Bhreatain Bheag i 1559 agus mar leas-ghiúistís Chester i 1561.

Saol polaitiúil

Bhí Gerard ina fheisire ó Chester i sé pharlaimint i ndiaidh a chéile, ceithre cinn acu le linn Eilíse I agus dhá cheann le linn Máire I.[2]

Bhí clú na héifeachta air agus é ina bhall de Chomhairle na Breataine Bige agus na gCríoch, agus dá bhrí sin d’iarr Fear Ionaid na hÉireann, an Ridire Henry Sydney, go gceapfaí é mar Ard-Aighne na hÉireann.[3]

Ard-Aighne na hÉireann

Baile Átha Cliath i 1610

Admhaítear gur bhain sé Éire amach le dea-rún agus gur chuir sé tús maith leis an obair.[4] Chuir sé cúirteanna seisiúin ar bun ar fud oirthear agus oirdheisceart na tíre. Mhol sé go gceapfaí Sasanaigh san Ard-Chúirt in áit na seanbhreithiúna a rugadh in Éirinn agus nach raibh iontu ach "scarecrows, mere shadows", cé go raibh sé sásta Éireannaigh oilte a cheapadh faoi dheoidh.

D’admhaigh Gerard nach raibh an Béarla gan sárú fiú i mBaile Átha Cliath –

“all English, and the most part with delight, speak Irish, and greatly are spotted in manners, habit and condition with Irish stains” (1578).[5]

Bhí sé ar a dhícheall ag cur dhlí Shasana i bhfeidhm i gCúige Laighean, ach bhí gá ag feidhmeannaigh ríoga le hateangairí i gcónaí, agus ní raibh Béarla ag gach duine d’uaisle na Sean-Ghall féin.[6] Mhol Gerard go mbunófaí líon mór Sasanach in Éirinn.

Áitítear go raibh dhá aidhm ag aige mar Ard-Aighne: údarás na gcúirteanna seisiúin a bhuanú ar fud na hÉireann agus tairbhe a bhaint as cumhacht an Ard-Aighne chun Cúirt Sheomra an Chaisleáin (Court of Castle Chamber, cúirt a bhí ar chomhfheidhm le “Star Chamber” Shasana) chun ord poiblí a chosaint. Bhí rath ar obair Sheomra an Chaisleáin ar dtús agus a lán cás á n-éisteacht aige a bhain le círéibeacha agus le coireanna eile dá leithéid. Tá moladh tugtha do Gerard as a chúram i mionphointí agus é ag iniúchadh cúrsaí agus as an bhfonn a bhíodh air na cáis a réiteach.

Conspóid faoi chíos garastún

Bhí na huaisle Angla-Éireannacha in éadan mholtaí Sydney i dtaobh leasú cánach, agus i dtaobh ghearradh an "cess" (?) go háirithe, cáin chun garastúin na Páile a chothú.

Ghearáin na huaisle gur rómhór an t-ualach orthu é. Chuaigh an scéal sa bhile buaice i 1577 nuair a d’áitigh Sydney ar an mBanríon triúr aturnaethe oirirce a shacadh i bpríosún tar éis dóibh dul go dtí Londain á iarraidh go gcuirfí an cháin ar ceal.

Shíl Gerard nár chóir do Sydney an scéal a réiteach le hansmacht, agus bhí sé mór le Barnaby Skurlocke, ceannaire na toscaireachta.[7] Chuaigh Gerard go dtí Londain chun a iarraidh go scaoilfí na haturnaethe saor. Chuir sé ina luí ar an mBanríon gur dúthracht gan dearcadh ba bhun leis an gcáin agus lochtaigh sí Sydney faoin scéal. Rinne Sydney agus Gerard achrann géar le chéile dá bharr. Athghairmeadh Sydney i 1578.[8]

Deireadh saoil

Cuireadh srian le hiarrachtaí Gerard an córas dlí a leasú de bharr an achrainn le Sydney, athghairm Sydney agus an éirí amach i nDeasumhan. Bhí an tsláinte go dona aige ó 1579 amach agus dhéanadh sé casaoid faoi fhliuchras na hÉireann.

Bhí gearranáil, pianta sna cosa agus galar cnis ag cur air, agus bhí sé ag caitheamh an chuid ba mhó den am in Chester. Rinneadh ridire de i 1579 agus ceapadh é mar Mháistir na nIarratas (Master of Requests).[9] Fuair sé bás i Mí Mhárta 1581.[10]

Cuireadh é in Eaglais Naomh Oswald in Chester. Tá cuntas fada ina uacht ar dheacrachtaí faoi airgead agus ar cé chomh deacair is a bhí sé aige a chúram a chothú.

Nótaí

  1. Elrington Ball, (1926).
  2. Fuidge (1981).
  3. Crawford, 2006.
  4. Elrington Ball, 1926.
  5. 2.15 Cal.S.P. Ire., 1574-85, 1578, luaite in Crowley, Tony (2002), lch 37, The Politics of Language in Ireland 1366-1922: A Sourcebook, Routledge.
  6. Féach Palmer, Patricia (2001), Language and Conquest in Early Modern Ireland: English Renaissance Literature and Elizabethan Imperial Expansion, Cambridge University Press, lgh 42-5.
  7. Kenny, Colum (1992). The King's Inns and the Kingdom of Ireland. Dublin: Irish Academic Press.
  8. Richard Bagwell. Ireland Under the Tudors. London: Longmans Green. 3 Imleabhar, 1885-90. Iml. II, lgh 328-9.
  9. Masters of Requests, Institute of Historical Research: http://www.history.ac.uk/publications/office/masters. Dáta rochtana: 17 Meitheamh 2013
  10. Elrington Ball.

Tagairtí

Ball, F. Elrington (1926). The Judges in Ireland 1221–1921. London: John Murray.

Crawford, Jon G. (2006). Chamber Court in Ireland: The Court of Castle Chamber 1571–1641. Dublin: Four Courts Press.

Fuidge, N. M. (1981), ‘Gerard, William I (d.1581), of Chester, Ireland,’ in P.W. Hasler, The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1558–1603, Boydell and Brewer: http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/gerard-william-i-1581

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