B-film

Pals of Saddle (1938)
Raw Deal (1948)
Rocketship X-M (1950)
The Raven (1963)

In B-film is in film dy't makke wurdt mei in relatyf lyts budget en (trochstrings) nije of ûnbekende akteurs, en dy't útbrocht is mei in bytsje omtinken yn de media. It tsjinstelde, in film mei in oansjenlik budget, bekende akteurs en in eigen marketingkampanje, wurdt sadwaande wol in A-film neamd.

Skiednis

Jierren '20

It budzjet fan in grutte filmstudio oan de ein fan it tiidrek fan de stomme film (1927-1928) ferskilde fan $190.000 by 20th Century Fox oant $275.000 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Columbia Pictures en Film Booking Offices of America makken yn dy tiid films mei in lytser budget, fan om de $50.000 hinne. De film duorre koarter en waard útstjoerd yn lytse bioskopen yn stêden as bioskoopsealen yn doarpen. Films út dy tiid mei in budget fan om de $3.000, waarden Poverty Row-films neamd. Dy moasten profyt helje yn lytsere sealen.

Mei de stigende populariteit fan de lûdsfilm yn 1929, brochten selsstannige filmmakkers filmsjoernaal, koarte films en cartoons yn, folge troch de saneamde double feature. Ek dy films waarden yn it lyts útbrocht yn dy tiid. It twadde part fan sa'n double feature joech sa'n filmmakker lykwols de kâns om him op mannichte te rjochtsjen.

Jierren '30

Grutte filmstudio's, dy't yn it earstoam wegeren mei te dwaan oan B-films, pasten har al rillegau oan. De teaters waarden ferplichte in hiel seizoen films fan in beskate filmstudio te keapjen, hoewol't sy faaks mar yn de helte fan de films ynteresse hienen. Stadichoan mear teaters lieten B-films sjen. Sa spruts it fansels dat in B-film winst opsmiten gong. Dochs wie it foar in protte eksploitanten riskant om films te keapjen eardat sy dy sjoen hienen.

A-films waarden troch de fiif grutste filmstudio's (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Warner Bros. en RKO Pictures), útbrocht yn de grutste bioskoopsealen. Dy stjoerden no gjin B-films en double features út. De teaters dêr't B-films yn premiêre gongen, kaam it faak foar dat it programma twa as trije kear wyks feroare. De B-films duorren net langer as 60 minuten en waarden meast mar in dei as fjouwer yn produksje hâlden. Dêrom waarden sy quickies neamd. De lytste teaters waarden grindhouses neamd. De films dy't dêr te sjen wienen, hienen meast gjin reklames. A-films hienen in langere spyltiid.

Studio Kategory Trochsneed spyltiid
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer "Big Five" 87.9 minuten
Paramount Pictures "Big Five" 76.4 minuten
20th Century Fox "Big Five" 75.3 minuten
Warner Bros. "Big Five" 75.0 minuten
RKO Pictures "Big Five" 74.1 minuten
United Artists "Little Three" 87.6 minuten
Columbia Pictures "Little Three" 66.4 minuten
Universal Pictures "Little Three" 66.4 minuten
Grand National "Poverty Row" 63.6 minuten
Republic Pictures "Poverty Row" 63.1 minuten
Monogram Pictures "Poverty Row" 60.0 minuten

De kosten foar in film gienen omheech nei de yntroduksje fan de lûdsfilm. In standerd A-film koste yn de jierren '30 meastal om de $375.000. Neist A- en B-films makken ek de programmers opgong. Dat wienen films sûnder dúdlik oersjoch. Sy koenen in grut súkses wurde, mar it die oan de oare kant ek gjin nij at sy in flop wurde soenen. De hegere kosten makken ek B-films djoerder. De totale útjeften fan Warner Bros. oan B-films gie yn 1935 omheech fan 12% nei 50%. By 20th Century Fox gong de helte fan it totale budzjet fan in studio nei B-films. Studio's dy't allinne B-films útbrochten waarden ek hieltiid minder populêr. Ferneamde foarbylden dêrfan binne Monogram Pictures en Republic Pictures. In totaal fan 75% fan alle films yn de jierren '30, alle studio's meirekkene.

Sjênres

B-films hienen in grut ferskaat oan sjênres en fan guon films waard in folsleine rige makke. Foarbylden dêrfan binne: Charlie Chan-mystearjes, Ritz Brothers-komeedzjes en musikals mei bernestjer Jane Withers. Andy Hardy stiet apart. De rige films fan Andy Hardy wienen A-films fan MGM.

Der binne aparte perioades te ûnderskieden dêr't in beskaat sjênre foar B-films populêr yn wie. Yn de jierren 30 wiene in protte B-films westerns, wylst yn de jierren 50 en 60 sciencefiction- en mûnsterfilms in soad minsken lutsen.

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