Volume molaire

Volume molaire
Unités SI m3mol−1
Autres unités litre par mole (l/mol)
Dimension L 3·N −1
Nature Grandeur scalaire intensive
Symbole usuel ou
Lien à d'autres grandeurs

Le volume molaire d'une substance est le volume occupé par une mole de cette substance. Le volume molaire peut être déterminé pour toute substance dans toutes les phases (gaz, liquide, solide).

Dans les unités du Système international le volume molaire s'exprime en mètres cubes par mole (m3/mol), mais il est plus pratique d'utiliser le litre par mole (l/mol) ou le mètre cube par kilomole (m3/kmol). Il s'agit d'une grandeur molaire.

Le volume molaire d'un gaz parfait est de 22,414 l/mol (soit 0,022 414 m3/mol) dans les conditions normales de température et de pression (CNTP : °C et 101 325 Pa) et de 24,055 l/mol à 20 °C sous 1 atm.

Le volume molaire est une entité physico-chimique qui augmente généralement avec l'élévation de la température, autrement dit la plupart des corps se dilatent avec une augmentation de température. Il existe des cas dans lesquels le volume molaire diminue avec une augmentation de température, autrement dit des cas de corps se contractant quand la température augmente, ce qui constitue une anomalie dilatométrique : par ex. le volume molaire de l'eau liquide diminue entre 0 °C et 3,98 °C (sa masse volumique augmente).

Formules

Formule générale

Le volume molaire est noté ou , il vaut :

Volume molaire :

avec :

Si le volume a une masse on a :

soit, en notant la masse molaire et le volume massique :

La masse volumique étant l'inverse du volume massique, , on a également :

Le volume molaire évolue donc dans le sens inverse de la masse volumique : quand la masse volumique augmente le volume molaire diminue.

Cas des gaz parfaits

Dans le cas des gaz parfaits, l'équation des gaz parfaits donne :

d'où l'on obtient le volume molaire du gaz parfait :

avec :

Ce qui donne pour les conditions normales de température et de pression (température de °C soit 273,15 K, pression de 1 atm soit 101 325 Pa) :

Le volume molaire d'un gaz parfait dans les CNTP est donc de 22,4 l/mol environ.

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