Tigrigna

Tigrigna
ትግርኛ, tǝgrǝñ(ñ)a
Image illustrative de l’article Tigrigna
« Tigrigna » en alphasyllabaire guèze.
Pays Érythrée, Éthiopie, Arabie saoudite, Iran, Israël, Djibouti, Soudan, Italie, Canada, Royaume-Uni, Émirats arabes unis, États-Unis
Région Tigré
Nombre de locuteurs entre 10 000 000 et 15 000 000
Typologie SOV, flexionnelle
Écriture Alphasyllabaire guèze
Classification par famille
Statut officiel
Langue officielle Drapeau de l'Érythrée Érythrée (langue de travail)
Drapeau de l'Éthiopie Éthiopie (langue de travail)
Codes de langue
IETF ti
ISO 639-1 ti
ISO 639-2 tir
ISO 639-3 tir
Étendue langue individuelle
Type langue vivante
WALS tig
Glottolog tigr1271
Échantillon
Article premier de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme (voir le texte en français)


ብምንፅር ፡ ክብርን ፡ መሰልን ፡ ኩሎም ፡ ሰባት ፡ እንትውለዱ ፡ ነፃን ፡ ማዕረን ፡ እዮም ። ምስትውዓልን ፡ ሕልናን ፡ ዝተዓደሎም ፡ ብምዃኖም ፡ ንሕድሕዶም ፡ ብሕውነታዊ ፡ መንፈስ ፡ ክተሓላለዩ ፡ ኣለዎም ።

Translittération :

Bɨmɨns'ɨr kɨbrɨn mäsälɨn kulom säbat ɨntɨwɨlädu nes'an maɨren ɨyom. mɨstɨwɨlʕadälom ħɨlnan zɨtäʕadälom bɨmɨxuanom nħɨdɨħɨdom bɨħwɨnetawi mänfäs kɨtäħalaläyu aläwom

Le tigrigna (en tigrigna : ትግርኛ, tǝgrǝñ(ñ)a, /tɨɡrɨɲːa/) – également orthographié tigrinya ou tigriña – est une langue chamito-sémitique appartenant à la famille des langues sémitiques et parlée essentiellement au nord-est de la Corne de l'Afrique. C'est une des langues de travail des gouvernements de l'Érythrée et de l'Éthiopie, ainsi que celle de l'État régional éthiopien du Tigré.

Le tigrigna avait 4 320 000 locuteurs en Éthiopie en 2007, 2 540 000 en Érythrée en 2006, et quelque 6 915 000 tous pays confondus[1]. Il est aussi beaucoup parlé en seconde langue, tant en Érythrée et en Éthiopie, qu'au sud-est du Nord Soudan et à Djibouti, ce qui rend difficiles les estimations des locuteurs de cette langue.

Comme plusieurs langues de la Corne de l'Afrique, le tigrigna s'écrit au moyen d'une version de l'alphasyllabaire guèze.

Description

À la suite de la colonisation de l'Érythrée par l'Italie entre 1885 et 1941, de nombreux mots italiens s'intègrent au tigrigna, en ce qui concerne l'Érythrée. Depuis 1950, les nouveaux termes proviennent plutôt de l'anglais et de l'arabe. En Éthiopie, les mots qui s'intègrent au tigrigna viennent de l'amharique et de l'oromo. Il y a plusieurs dialectes du tigrigna.

Écriture du tigrigna

Le tigrigna s'écrit à l'aide de l'alphasyllabaire guèze auquel s'ajoutent quelques caractères. Dans le tableau qui suit, les graphèmes sont rangés par ligne selon leur consonne initiale, et par colonne selon la voyelle qui la suit. Par exemple, la première ligne se lit hä, hu, hi, ha, he, h(ə), ho.

ä u i a e (ǝ) o
h
l
m
s
r
s
š
k'
kʷ'
x'
xʷ'
b
v
t
č
h
n
ñ
k
x
w
z
ž
y
d
ǧ
g
t'
č'
p'
s'
s'
f
p

Notes et références

  1. (en) Fiche langue [tir] dans la base de données linguistique Ethnologue..

Bibliographie

  • Langues et grammaires du monde, « Tigrigna », sur lgidf.cnrs.fr, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (consulté le ).
  • Filmon Ghebrezgabher, Anne Zribi-Hertz, Abraham Kidane Nuguse et Noam Faust, « Le tigrigna » [PDF], sur lgidf.cnrs.fr, Langues et grammaires du monde (HAL hal-02923704, consulté le ).
  • Noam Faust, « Phonologie du tigrigna » [PDF], sur lgidf.cnrs.fr, Langues et grammaires du monde (consulté le ).
  • Wolf Leslau, Documents tigrigna (éthiopien septentrional) : grammaire et textes, Libraire C. Klincksieck, Paris, 1941
  • (en) Edward Ullendorff, A Tigrinya Chrestomathy, F. Steiner, Stuttgart, 1985 (ISBN 978-3-515-04314-4)
  • (en) Thomas L. Kane, Tigrinya-English Dictionary (2 vols), Dunwoody Press, Springfield, VA, USA, 2000 (ISBN 978-1-881265-68-9)
  • (en) John Mason, ሰዋስው ትግርኛ [Säwasǝw Tǝgrǝñña] Tigrinya grammar, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA, Red Sea Press,‎ (ISBN 978-0-932415-20-2 et 978-0-932415-21-9, iarchive:tigrinyagrammar0000john)
  • (ti) Amanuel Sahle, ሰዋስው ትግርኛ ብሰፊሑ [Säwasäsǝw Tǝgrǝñña bǝsäfiḥ], Lawrenceville, NJ, USA, Red Sea Press,‎ (ISBN 978-1-56902-096-8)
  • (de) F. Praetorius, Grammatik der Tigriñasprache in Abessinien, Halle., 1871, 1974 (réimpression) (ISBN 978-3-487-05191-8)
  • (it) Mauro da Leonessa, Grammatica analitica della lingua tigray, Roma, 1928

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