Syndrome de la reine des abeilles

Le syndrome de la reine des abeilles (Queen bee syndrome) décrit le comportement de certaines femmes dans une position d'autorité qui traitent leurs subordonnées plus durement, parce qu'elles sont de sexe féminin.

Définition

En 1968, Caroline Bird écrivit un essai qu'elle intitula Born Female: The High Cost of Keeping Women Down. Elle y écrivait les attitudes de la “loophole woman”, que l’on pourrait traduire par “l’imposteur”. Il s'agissait de femmes dont le comportement n'était pas sans rappeler celui des hommes[1].

Le terme a été inventé par les psychologues américains Graham L. Staines et T. E. Jayaratne et C. Tavris dans un article publié dans la revue Psychology Today en 1974[2].

Ce phénomène a été documenté par plusieurs études[3],[4]. Une étude, menée par des scientifiques de l'Université de Toronto pense que le syndrome Queen Bee est peut-être la raison pour laquelle les femmes trouvent qu'il est plus stressant de travailler sous l'autorité d'une femme[5]. Une autre définition décrit le syndrome de la Queen Bee comme une reine des abeilles qui a réussi dans sa carrière, mais refuse d'aider d'autres femmes à faire de même[6].

D'autres recherches émettent l'hypothèse que le syndrome Queen Bee est le produit d'influences culturelles, en particulier celles liées au monde du travail. Les femmes sont toujours moins payées que les hommes et parviennent plus difficilement à gravir les échelons[7].

Ce terme désigne également les femmes qui s'opposent au mouvement de libération des femmes[8].

Personnalités notables

Charles Moore, biographe officiel de Margaret Thatcher, a déclaré dans une interview qu'il est convaincu que l'ancienne première ministre britannique a elle-même souffert de ce syndrome[9].

Queen Bee est également le surnom de Beyoncé[10].

Personnages de fiction

Un exemple connu de film basé sur des adolescentes incarnant le syndrome de Queen Bee est Lolita malgré moi film sorti en 2004. Ce film est une adaptation du livre Queen Bees and Wannabes de Rosalind Wiseman.

Un autre exemple de personnage Queen Bee est celui de Miranda Priestly jouée par Meryl Streep dans Le Diable s'habille en Prada[10].

L'on trouve aussi de nombreuses Queen Bee dans la pop culture, et notamment dans les teen drama, comme Katherine Pierce dans Vampire Diaries[1].

Notes et références

  1. a et b « Qui est la Queen Bee, peste fascinante ? [THEORIE] », sur La Revue de la Toile, (consulté le ).
  2. Francine D. Blau and Jed DeVaro, « New Evidence on Gender Differences in Promotion Rates: An Empirical Analysis of a Sample of New Hires », Cornell University ILR School, (consulté le ), p. 16.
  3. (en) Roger Dobson and Will Iredale, « Office queen bees hold back women's careers », The Sunday Times,‎ (lire en ligne).
  4. N. Ellemers et H. van den Heuvel, « The underrepresentation of women in science: differential commitment or the queen bee syndrome? », British Journal of Social Psychology (en), vol. 43, no September,‎ , p. 313–338 (PMID 15479533, DOI 10.1348/0144666042037999).
  5. (en) Chris Irvine, « Women find working for female bosses more stressful », telegraph.co.uk,‎ (lire en ligne).
  6. Judy Klemensrud, « WOMEN IN MEDICINE FIND A NEED FOR SUPPORT », New York Times,‎ (lire en ligne).
  7. Merens, A., & Hermans, B. (2009). Emancipatiemonitor 2008/Emancipation Monitor 2008. Den Haag : Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.
  8. (en) Colman, Andrew M., A dictionary of psychology, Oxford, Oxford University Press, , 882 p. (ISBN 978-0-19-953406-7, OCLC 260204714, lire en ligne).
  9. Guy Somerset, « Charles Moore interview », (consulté le ) : « Partly there was a genuine problem about the talent within the Tory Party at that time – it was not great. But I think also she did suffer, as her critics say, from what they call the queen bee syndrome: she thought, 'I can do it, why can't others? It's not for me to fish around to find the right women, I'm just going to get the nearest good person to hand' ... All her comments, even as a young woman about other women in letters to [her sister] Muriel, tend to be competitive and sometimes quite critical. She didn't have much personal solidarity with women if they were also ambitious. She was very close to some women who were in subsidiary positions, such as her diary secretaries – she's extremely fond of them and very nice to them - but I don't think you'll find much closeness to any female equal. »
  10. a et b Edgard-Rosa, Clarence., Les gros mots : abécédaire joyeusement moderne du féminisme, Paris, Hugo doc, dl 2016, 222 p. (ISBN 978-2-7556-2490-8, OCLC 965369696, lire en ligne).

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