Sesquiterpène

Les sesquiterpènes forment une classe de molécules de la famille des terpènes, de formule moléculaire brute C15H24. Les sesquiterpénoïdes sont leurs nombreux dérivés par synthèse ou modification biologique (typiquement oxydation ou réarrangement). Ce sont des molécules que l'on rencontre couramment dans le vivant (surtout les végétaux), où elles sont synthétisées à partir du farnésyl pyrophosphate et jouent divers rôles métaboliques. Un bon nombre de sesquiterpènes et sesquiterpénoïdes sont bioactifs, comme l'humulène ou le caryophyllène. D'autres peuvent être toxiques, comme certaines lactones.

Fonctions

Les sesquiterpènes sont présents dans la nature, synthétisés par divers types d'organismes. On en trouve dans certaines essences végétales aromatiques et dans certaines huiles essentielles ; certains sesquiterpènes sont par exemple biosynthétisés par un champignon aquatique microscopique vivant dans une éponge marine[1]. Chez les plantes, ils ont le rôle connu d'agent de défense (biocide) contre des organismes extérieurs à la plante. Citrus microcarpa, le calamondin est spécialement riche en des hydrocarbures sesquiterpéniques et en sesquiterpènes oxygénés[2].

Certaines lactones sesquiterpéniques sont toxiques[3], connues ou soupçonnées d'être comme génotoxiques ou embryotoxiques.

Structure

Linéaire

Monocyclique

Tricyclique

Sesquiterpénoïdes

Galerie

Notes et références

  1. (en) Xing-Chung Cheng, Mustafa Varoglu, Leif Abrell, Phillip Crews, Emil Lobkovsky, Jon Clardy, Chloriolins A-C, Chlorinated Sesquiterpenes Produced by Fungal Cultures Separated from a Jaspis Marine Sponge, J. Org. Chem., 59 (21), p. 6344–6348, octobre 1994, DOI 10.1021/jo00100a041 (résumé)
  2. (en) Haneen Ibrahim Al Othman, Huda Hisham Alkatib, Atiqah Zaid et Sreenivasan Sasidharan, « Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Citrus hystrix, Citrus limon, Citrus pyriformis, and Citrus microcarpa Leaf Essential Oils against Human Cervical Cancer Cell Line », Plants, vol. 12, no 1,‎ , p. 134 (ISSN 2223-7747, DOI 10.3390/plants12010134, lire en ligne, consulté le )
  3. M. Helena R. Amorim, Rui M. Gil da Costa, Carlos Lopes et Margarida M. S. M. Bastos, « Sesquiterpene lactones: adverse health effects and toxicity mechanisms », Critical Reviews in Toxicology, vol. 43, no 7,‎ , p. 559–579 (ISSN 1547-6898, PMID 23875764, DOI 10.3109/10408444.2013.813905, lire en ligne, consulté le )

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