Polyamine

Putrescine ou diaminobutane, une polyamine qui participe à donner aux cadavres en décomposition leur odeur.
Cadaverine, qui contribue également à l'odeur des cadavres.
Spermidine, qui contribue à l'odeur et au goût du sperme.
Spermine, qui contribue aussi à l'odeur et au goût du sperme.

Les polyamines sont des composés organiques possédant deux ou plusieurs fonctions amine.

Retrouvés chez des organismes aussi différents que les bactéries[1], microorganismes parasites[2], plantes[3],[4],[5] et animaux, ils jouent dans l'organisme un rôle encore mal compris de régulateur (de la prolifération cellulaire et du développement[6]) et peuvent être impliqués dans certains processus cancéreux[7].

Les polyamines trouvées dans l'organisme humain sont en partie synthétisées par lui ou par les bactéries intestinales, ou sont absorbées avec la nourriture[8].

Endogènes ou exogènes[9], elles peuvent avoir des rôles encore mal connus tantôt protecteurs, tantôt délétères[9].

En biologie

Parmi les composés répondant à cette définition, certains possèdent une importance en biologie.

Ils pourraient jouer un rôle important dans le développement des végétaux[10].

Ainsi, la putrescine, la cadavérine, qui sont des composés issus de la dégradation des protéines et qui sont responsables de l'odeur nauséabonde des cadavres animaux, sont des polyamines.

La spermidine et la spermine sont deux composés qui agissent comme hormones de croissance dans les cellules eucaryotes et procaryotes.

Certaines polyamines sont rencontrées dans le venin des araignées et sont des neurotoxines. Elles inhibent la fonction des canaux ioniques de type NMDA.

Certains métabolites des bactéries de l'intestin sont des polyamines qui aident les bactéries à former des biofilms et qui semblent être utilisés par des cellules humaines pour réguler la prolifération cellulaire. Ces métabolites, lorsque produits par le biofilm intestinal en quantité excessive, pourraient être impliqués dans le cancer du côlon[11]. Ceci est suspecté depuis les années 1970[12].

Le cancer du pancréas[13] et d'autres types de cancer pourraient être liés à des troubles du métabolisme ou catabolisme de polyamines, notamment étudiés sur des animaux de laboratoire génétiquement modifiés pour présenter de tels troubles.

Notes et références

  1. Tabor, C. W. et Tabor, H. (1985), Polyamines in microorganisms, Microbiological Reviews, 49(1), 81.
  2. Schwarcz de Tarlovsky M.N., Hernandez S.M., Bedoya A.M., Lammel E.M. et Isola E.L., Polyamines in Trypanosoma cruzi, Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int., juillet 1993, 30(3):547-58.
  3. Smith, T.A. (1985), Polyamines, Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 36(1), 117-143 (résumé).
  4. Galston, A. W. et Sawhney, R. K. (1990), Polyamines in plant physiology, Plant physiology, 94(2), 406-410.
  5. Flores, H. E. et Galston, A. W. (1982), Analysis of polyamines in higher plants by high performance liquid chromatography, Plant physiology, 69(3), 701-706.
  6. Heby, O. (1981), Role of polyamines in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation, Differentiation, 19(1‐3), 1-20 (résumé).
  7. Igarashi, K. et Kashiwagi, K. (2000), Polyamines: mysterious modulators of cellular functions, Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 271(3), 559-564.
  8. Bardócz, S. (1995), Polyamines in food and their consequences for food quality and human health, Trends in Food Science & Technology, 6(10), 341-346 (résumé).
  9. a et b Velikova, V., Yordanov, I. et Edreva, A. (2000), Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants: protective role of exogenous polyamines, Plant Science, 151(1), 59-66 (résumé).
  10. Evans, P. T. et Malmberg, R. L. (1989), Do polyamines have roles in plant development?, Annual review of plant biology, 40(1), 235-269 (résumé).
  11. Gut biofilms could spur cancer, Nature, 521, 128 (14 mai 2015), DOI 10.1038/521128c, en ligne, 13 mai 2015.
  12. Jänne, J., Pösö, H. et Raina, A. (1978), Polyamines in rapid growth and cancer, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Reviews on Cancer, 473(3), 241-293.
  13. Alhonen, L., Parkkinen, J. J., Keinänen, T., Sinervirta, R., Herzig, K. H. et Jänne, J. (2000), Activation of polyamine catabolism in transgenic rats induces acute pancreatitis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 2000 97: 8290-8295 (résumé).

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

  • Ames, B. N. et Dubin, D. T. (1960), The role of polyamines in the neutralization of bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 235(3), 769-775.
  • Bouchereau, A., Aziz, A., Larher, F. et Martin-Tanguy, J. (1999), Polyamines and environmental challenges: Recent development, Plant Science, 140(2), 103-125 (résumé).
  • Berger F.G. , D.L. Kramer et C.W. Porter (2007), Polyamine metabolism and tumorigenesis in the ApcMin/+ mouse, Biochm. Soc. Trans., 35: 336-339 (résumé).
  • Casero, R. A. et Marton, L. J. (2007), Targeting polyamine metabolism and function in cancer and other hyperproliferative diseases, Nature reviews Drug discovery, 6(5), 373-390 (résumé).
  • Drolet, G., Dumbroff, E. B., Legge, R. L. et Thompson, J. E. (1986), Radical scavenging properties of polyamines, Phytochemistry, 25(2), 367-371 (résumé).
  • Juhani Jänne, Leena Alhonen, Marko Pietilä, Tuomo A. Keinänen, Anne Uimari, Mervi T. Hyvönen, Eija Pirinen et Aki Järvinen (2006), Genetic Manipulation of Polyamine Catabolism in Rodents, J. Biochem., 139: 155-160 (résumé).
  • Kee K. et al. (2004), Activated Polyamine Catabolism Depletes Acetyl-CoA Pools and Suppresses Prostate Tumor Growth in TRAMP Mice, J. Biol. Chem., 279: 40076-40083 (résumé).
  • Kee K. et al. (2004), Metabolic and Antiproliferative Consequences of Activated Polyamine Catabolism in LNCaP Prostate Carcinoma Cells, J. Biol. Chem., 279, 27050-27058 (résumé).
  • Kramer D.L, Paula Diegelman, Jason Jell, Slavoljub Vujcic, Salim Merali et Carl W. Porter (2008), Polyamine Acetylation Modulates Polyamine Metabolic Flux, a Prelude to Broader Metabolic Consequences, J. Biol. Chem., 2008, 283, 4241-4251 (résumé).
  • Lopatin, A. N., Makhina, E. N. et Nichols, C. G. (1994), Potassium channel block by cytoplasmic polyamines as the mechanism of intrinsic rectification, Nature, 372 (6504), 366-369 (résumé).
  • Pegg, A. E. (1986), Recent advances in the biochemistry of polyamines in eukaryotes, Biochemical Journal, 234(2), 249.
  • Pirinen E. et al. (2007), Enhanced Polyamine Catabolism Alters Homeostatic Control of White Adipose Tissue Mass, Energy Expenditure, and Glucose Metabolism, Mol. Cell. Biol., 27, 4953-4967 (résumé).
  • Rodríguez-Caso, C., Montañez, R., Cascante, M., Sánchez-Jiménez, F. et Medina, M. A. (2006), Mathematical modeling of polyamine metabolism in mammals, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281(31), 21799-21812 (résumé).
  • Tabor, C. W. et Tabor, H. (1984), Polyamines, Annual review of biochemistry, 53(1), 749-790.
  • Thomas T. et Thomas T.J. (2001), Polyamines in cell growth and cell death: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS, 58(2), 244-258 (résumé).
  • Van den Bossche J. et al., Pivotal Advance: Arginase-1-independent polyamine production stimulates the expression of IL-4-induced alternatively activated macrophage markers while inhibiting LPS-induced expression of inflammatory genes, publié en ligne avant impression, 13 mars 2012, DOI 10.1189/jlb.0911453, mai 2012, Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol. 91, no 5, 685-699 (résumé).
  • Velikova, V., Yordanov, I. et Edreva, A. (2000), Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants: protective role of exogenous polyamines, Plant Science, 151(1), 59-66.
  • Wallace, H. M. et Caslake, R. (2001), Polyamines and colon cancer, European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 13(9), 1033-1039 (résumé).
  • Yerushalmi H.F., Besselsen D.G., Ignatenko N.A., Blohm‐Mangone K.A., Padilla‐Torres J.L., Stringer D.E., … et Gerner E.W. (2006), Role of polyamines in arginine‐dependent colon carcinogenesis in ApcMin/+ mice, Molecular carcinogenesis, 45(10), 764-773 (résumé).

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