Peptidoglycane

Parois des bactéries Gram - et Gram+
Agencement des chaînes de muréine dans la paroi bactérienne

Le peptidoglycane[1] (ou muréine, ou mucocomplexe, ou mucopeptide) est un composant de la paroi bactérienne maintenant la forme des cellules et assurant une protection mécanique contre la pression osmotique. Il forme une couche fine chez les bactéries à Gram négatif et une couche épaisse chez les bactéries à Gram positif. C'est une couche propre aux bactéries qui n'existe ni chez les archées ni les eucaryotes.

Constitution

Il est constitué d'une partie glucidique (polysaccharide) et d'une partie peptidique. Le polysaccharide est un polymère de glycosaminopeptide où la N-acétyl-glucosamine (NAG) et l'acide N-acétyl-muramique (NAM) sont liés par des liaisons osidiques . Cette liaison peut être coupée par le lysozyme. Le NAM est un composé spécifique des parois bactériennes. Deux polysaccharides sont liés par des ponts peptidiques au niveau du NAM, formés par différents acides aminés : D-alanine, L-alanine, acide glutamique, L-lysine, acide diaminopimélique (analogue de la lysine). Les acides aminés D sont spécifiques de la paroi bactérienne, on ne les retrouve jamais ailleurs.

L'épaisseur de la paroi est nettement supérieure chez les bactéries dites à Gram+ et est en contact direct avec le milieu extracellulaire. À l'inverse chez les bactéries à Gram-, le peptidoglycane est plus fin et enchâssé entre deux membranes plasmiques. C'est cette différence qui confère une réactivité différente de ces deux types de cellules au colorant de Gram, à l'origine de la classification dichotomique des bactéries en « Gram positives » et « Gram négatives ». Il y a toutefois des exceptions, certaines bactéries Gram+ ont une paroi cellulaire de type Gram- comme le genre Deinococcus[2].

Structure chimique

Effet des pénicillines

Les pénicillines inhibent la dernière étape de la synthèse du peptidoglycane, une étape de réticulation, la transpeptidation. La transpeptidation est le raccordement du peptidoglycane nouvellement formé avec l'ancien. Cette synthèse étant inhibée, des mécanismes de lyse cellulaire (encore non totalement expliqués) se déclenchent : les pénicillines ont donc un effet bactéricide, comme les autres antibiotiques de la famille des bêta-lactamines.

Notes et références

  1. « Cours : Le peptidoglycane », sur ebiologie.fr (consulté le ).
  2. Joanne M. Willey, Linda M. Sherwood, Christopher J. Woolwerton, Prescott's Microbiology, McGraw-Hill, 9th edition (2014), p. 54

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