(en) Christopher P. Atwood, « Huns and Xiōngnú: New Thoughts on an Old Problem », dans Dubitando: Studies in History and Culture in Honor of Donald Ostrowski, Cambridge University Press, , 27–52 p. (ISBN978-0-8-9357-404-8)
(en) Karl Heinrich Menges, The Turkic Languages and Peoples: An Introduction to Turkic Studies, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, (ISBN978-3-447-03533-0, lire en ligne)
(en) Omeljan Pritsak, "The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan", Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard Ukrainian Studies., (lire en ligne)