Géographie de l'Érythrée

Géographie de l'Érythrée
carte : Géographie de l'Érythrée
Continent Afrique
Région Corne de l'Afrique
Coordonnées 15°00' N 39°00' E
Superficie
Côtes 2 234 km
Frontières Total: 1 630 km
Éthiopie 912 km, Soudan 605 km, Djibouti 113 km
Altitude maximale Mont Soira, 3 018 m
Altitude minimale Lac Kulul, -75 m
Plus long cours d’eau ?
Plus importante étendue d’eau ?

L'Érythrée est située dans la Corne de l'Afrique et bordée au nord-est et à l'est par la Mer Rouge, à l'ouest et au nord-ouest par le Soudan, au sud par l'Éthiopie et au sud-est par Djibouti. La côte est aride et sablonneuse. Les hautes plateaux du centre, dont l'altitude varie de 1 800 à 3 000 mètres, sont moins arides et possèdent un climat plus tempéré. Le point culminant du pays est le mont Soira à 3 018 mètres d'altitude. La capitale, Asmara, est située à 2 349 mètres. Le climat est généralement sec et ensoleillé, avec une courte saison des pluies de février à avril, et une grande saison des pluies de la fin juin à la mi-septembre.

Géographie physique

Structure du territoire

Le territoire national a une surface totale de 124 320 km2, repartie entre 121 320 km2 de terres et 3 000 km2 d'espaces immergés. Ce territoire est entouré de 1 630 km de frontières avec Djibouti (113 km), l'Éthiopie (912 km), et le Soudan (605 km)

Le littoral du pays a une longueur de 2 234 km. 1 150 km sont des côtes continentales, et 1 083 sont celles de ses îles.

Topographie

Relief : hauts plateaux descendant et se désertifiant sur la côte, collines au nord-ouest et plaines dans le sud-ouest.

Points extrêmes :

  • point le plus bas : dépression à - 75 mètres près du Lac Kulul
  • point culminant : Soira, 3 018 mètres

Hydrographie

Géologie

Ressources naturelles : or, potasse, zinc, cuivre, sel, poisson, réserves probables de pétrole et gaz naturel.

Climat

Le territoire est sous l'influence d'un climat chaud et désertique le long de la Mer Rouge ; plus frais et plus humide dans les hauts plateaux du centre (jusqu'à 610 mm de précipitations par année) ; semi-désertique dans les plaines de l'ouest ; la plus grande part des précipitations tombe entre juin et septembre excepté sur la côte.

Géographie humaine

Armature urbaine

Occupation des sols

Exploitation du sol :

  • terres arables : 12 %
  • cultures permanentes : 1 %
  • pâturages permanents : 49 %
  • forêts : 6 %
  • autres : 32 % (1998)

Terres irriguées : 280 km2 (1993)

Réseaux de transport

Notes et références

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Annexes

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