Contrefort (botanique)

Page d’aide sur l’homonymie

Pour l’article homonyme, voir Contrefort (homonymie).

Racines en contrefort d'un arbre de Ceiba particulièrement grand près du rivage de l'Amazone, près d'Iquitos, au Pérou
Racines en contrefort d'un figuier de la baie au jardin botanique de la côte sud à Palos Verdes, Californie
Racines en contrefort d'un très grand kapok à coton et soie dans les jardins de Lal Bagh au Bangalore (Bengaluru), Inde

Les contreforts sont des nervures saillantes situées à la base du fût au-dessus du niveau du sol et raccordant les principales branches latérales à la partie inférieure du fût[1].

Ce sont souvent de grandes et larges racines de tous les côtés d'un arbre peu enraciné. En règle générale, les contreforts se trouvent dans des sols forestiers tropicaux pauvres en éléments nutritifs et qui peuvent ne pas être très profonds. Ils empêchent l'arbre de s'effondrer (d'où le nom de contrefort) tout en recueillant davantage d'éléments nutritifs. Les contreforts sont des éléments de tension, étant plus larges du côté opposé à la tension occasionnée par une ramure (canopée) asymétriques[2]. Les racines peuvent se croiser avec les contreforts d’autres arbres et créer un maillage complexe qui peut aider à soutenir un ensemble d'arbres contigus. Les contreforts peuvent atteindre 30 pieds (9,144 m) de haut et être étalés sur 30 mètres au-dessus du sol (above the soil), puis sur 30 mètres plus bas (below) (?). Lorsque les racines se propagent horizontalement, elles peuvent couvrir une zone plus vaste pour la collecte des nutriments. Les racines restent près de la couche supérieure du sol car tous les nutriments principaux y sont présents[3]

Racines de Terminalia arjuna
Un système racinaire en contrefort fournit un soutien structurel.

Préalablement à l'abattage d'un arbre, les contreforts sont quelquefois égobelés.

Spécimens d'arbres remarquables et historiques avec des racines en contrefort

Références

  1. ↑ Office québécois de la langue française, 1980. Contrefort
  2. ↑ Young, T. P. and V. Perkocha. "Treefalls, crown asymmetry, and buttresses". Journal of Ecology 82:319-324.
  3. ↑ Crook, M. J., Ennos, A. R. et Banks, J. R., « The function of buttress roots: a comparative study of the anchorage systems of buttressed (Aglaia and Nephelium ramboutan species) and non-buttressed (Mallotus wrayi) tropical trees », Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 48, no 9,‎ , p. 1703‑1716 (DOI 10.1093/jxb/48.9.1703)
v · m
Organes végétaux
Organes aériens
Organes souterrains
Organes mixtes
Voir aussi Inflorescence et Infrutescence

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