Xibei San Ma

Xibei San Ma'n lippu

Xibei San Ma (suomeksi: Luoteen kolme Ma'ta) oli kiinalaisten sotapäälliköiden hallitsema valta-alue, joka hallitsi suuria alueita Luoteis-Kiinasta (西北, Xīběi) kontrolloiden Gansun, Qinghain ja Ningxian provinsseja vuodesta 1910 aina vuoteen 1949. Xibei San Ma oli siten yksi pitkäikäisimmistä sotaherrojen hallitsemista valta-alueista. Kaikki alueen sotaherrat kuuluivat Ma'n sukuun, joista kolme merkittävintä olivat Ma Bufang, Ma Hongkui ja Ma Hongbin, mistä tulee myös nimi. Muita sukuun kuuluneita päälliköitä olivat Ma Qi, Ma Lin ja Ma Zhongying. Sotapäälliköt ottivat luoteis-Kiinan haltuunsa heti sotapäälliköiden kauden alettua, ja tekivät yhteistyötä ensin kansallismielisten vallankumouksellisten, sitten Guomindangin johtaman Kiinan keskushallinnon kanssa. Pitkän marssin aikana Xibei San Ma otti osaa taisteluihin Kiinan työläisten ja talonpoikien puna-armeijaa vastaan, ja myöhemmin sen joukot taistelivat myös Japanin armeijaa vastaan toisessa kiinalais-japanilaisessa sodassa.

Kiinan sisällissodan loppuvaiheessa Xibei San Ma taisteli jälleen Guomindangin puolella kommunisteja vastaan, mutta kommunistien lyötyä kansallismieliset 1949, loppu koitti myös Xibei San Ma'lle. Kommunistien joukkojen miehitettyä Luoteis-Kiinan kokonaan Ma Hongbin loikkasi kommunistien puolelle, kun taas Ma Bufang ja Ma Hongkui siirtyivät Taiwanille Guomindangin johdon mukana.

Ma'n perheen jäsenet kuuluivat Hui-kiinalaisten vähemmistökansallisuuteen, jotka ovat islaminuskoisia. Myös suuret alueet Xibeissä ovat etnisesti islamilaisenemmistöisiä.

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