Neurohypofyysi

Hypofyysi aivojen pohjaosan poikkileikkauksessa. Neurohypofyysi on väritetty punaiseksi, adenohypofyysi vaaleanpunaiseksi.

Neurohypofyysi eli aivolisäkkeen takalohko (lat. neurohypophysis, lobus posterior hypophyseos) on aivojen pohjasta ulkoneva hermokudosrakenne, joka erittää kahta tärkeää hormonia: antidiureettista hormonia, joka vaikuttaa elimistön nestetasapainon säätelyyn sekä oksitosiinia, jolla on muun muassa lisääntymiseen ja synnytykseen liittyviä vaikutuksia. Neurohypofyysi muodostaa yhdessä adenohypofyysin kanssa aivolisäkkeen, joka kuuluu umpieritysjärjestelmään. Neurohypofyysi ei varsinaisesti ole umpirauhanen, koska siinä ei itsessään ole tavallisia hormoneja tuottavia soluja: neurohypofyysi koostuu merkittäviltä osin hermosolujen haarakkeista, joista hormonit vapautuvat verenkiertoon. Näiden hermosolujen soomaosat sijaitsevat hypotalamuksessa, jossa hormonit myöskin tuotetaan ennen kuljetusta haarakkeisiin. Ennen vapautumistaan verenkiertoon hormonit varastoidaan niin kutsuttuihin Herringin kappaleisiin, jotka ovat pullistumia haarakkeissa. Haarakkeiden lisäksi neurohypofyysissä on verisuonia sekä pituisyyttejä, jotka ovat astrosyyttien kaltaisia gliasoluja.

Neurohypofyysissä tapahtuvan, esimerkiksi iskusta johtuvan soluvaurion myötä antidiureettisen hormonin eritys voi vähentyä. Tästä voi seurata diabetes insipidus, nestetasapainon häiriö, jossa munuaisten kyky tiivistää virtsaa on heikentynyt, mikä johtaa polyuriaan eli lisääntyneeseen virtsantuotantoon sekä polydipsiaan eli lisääntyneeseen veden juonnin tarpeeseen.[1]

Lähteet

  1. ↑ Anthony L. Mescher: Junqueira's Basic Histolgy, 13th Edition, s. 408–414. McGraw Hill Education Medical, 2013. ISBN 978-1-259-07232-1

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