Louis de Breteuil

Louis de Breteuil, François-Guillaume Ménageot’n maalaama muotokuva.

Louis Charles Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil (7. maaliskuuta 1730 Azay-le-Ferron – 2. marraskuuta 1807 Pariisi)[1] oli ranskalainen paroni, diplomaatti ja poliittinen vaikuttaja. Hän toimi Ranskan viimeisenä ancien régimen aikaisena pääministerinä neljän päivän ajan aivan vallankumouksen kynnyksellä heinäkuussa 1789.

Breteuil syntyi Azay-le-Ferronin linnassa. Hänet nimitettiin vain 28-vuotiaana Ranskan suurlähettilääksi Kölnin vaaliruhtinaskuntaan ja kaksi vuotta myöhemmin Venäjälle.[1] Vuosina 1763–1767 hän oli suurlähettiläänä Ruotsissa, jossa hän tuki hattupuoluetta ja järjesti sille avokätisesti rahaa Ranskasta. Sen jälkeen hän oli suurlähettiläänä Hollannissa 1767–1771, Napolissa 1771–1775 ja Itävallassa 1775–1783.[2] Vuonna 1783 Breteuil nimitettiin hovin valtiosihteeriksi.[1] Hänet valittiin myös Ranskan tiedeakatemian kunniajäseneksi vuonna 1785.[3] Breteuil oli kuningatar Maria Antoinetten läheinen ystävä ja ajautui riitoihin valtiovarainministeri Charles Alexandre de Calonnen kanssa. Hänet erotettiin lopulta Calonnen vaatimuksesta vuonna 1787.[1]

Breteuil oli itsevaltiuden vankkumaton tukija.[2] Kuningas Ludvig XVI nimitti hänet pääministeriksi 11. heinäkuuta 1789 samassa yhteydessä kun uudistusmielinen valtiovarainministeri Jacques Necker erotettiin, mutta kolme päivää myöhemmin tapahtunut Bastiljin valtaus pakotti Breteuilin hallituksen eroamaan. Breteuil pakeni Sveitsiin ensimmäisten emigranttien joukossa.[1]

Ludvig XVI antoi marraskuussa 1790 Solothurnissa oleskelleelle Breteuilille salaiset valtuudet neuvotella kuninkaan nimissä Euroopan muiden hovien kanssa Ranskan kansalliskokouksen tietämättä.[1][2] Samaan Calonne edusti kuninkaan nuorempien veljien kilpailevaa maanpakolaishallintoa, jonka kanssa Breteuil oli huonoissa väleissä. Breteuil oli mukana kuningasperheen vuoden 1791 epäonnistuneen pakoyrityksen järjestelyissä.[1] Ranskan tasavallan perustamisen jälkeen kansalliskonventti syytti häntä valtiopetoksesta.[2] Kuningasparin teloituksen jälkeen Breteuil vetäytyi viettämään hiljaiseloa Hampuriin, kunnes hän pääsi palaamaan Ranskaan Napoleonin aikana vuonna 1802.[1][2]

Lähteet

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Breteuil, Louis Charles Auguste le Tonnelier, Baron de (englanniksi) Encyclopædia Britannica (1911), Wikisource. Viitattu 12.12.2018.
  2. ↑ a b c d e Nordisk familjebok (1905), s. 120 (ruotsiksi) Runeberg.org. Viitattu 12.12.2018.
  3. ↑ Les membres du passé dont le nom commence par B (ranskaksi) Ranskan tiedeakatemia. Viitattu 7.1.2020.

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