Kromihappo

Kromihappo
Tunnisteet
CAS-numero 7738-94-5
PubChem CID 24425
Ominaisuudet
Molekyylikaava HCrO4
Moolimassa 118,016 g/mol
Ulkomuoto Keltainen liuos[1]

Kromihappo (H2CrO4) on vahva happo, joka tunnetaan vain liuoksenaan. Sitä muodostuu dikromihapon (H2Cr2O7) kanssa, kun kromitrioksidia liuotetaan veteen tai rikkihappoon tai kromaatti- ja sikromaattiyhdisteistä rikkihapolla. Myös kromitrioksidista, jota voidaan pitää kromihapon anhydridinä, käytetään usein nimeä kromihappo. Kromihappojen suolat ovat kromaatteja ja dikromaatteja.[1][2][3][4]

Ominaisuudet

Kooltaan ja tetraedriseltä geometrialtaan kromihappo muistuttaa rikkihappoa. Molemmissa myös keskusatomin hapetusluku on +6. Vaikka kromihappo onkin suhteellisen vahva on se huomattavasti rikkihappoa heikompi, sitä ei ole myöskään pystytty eristämään ja se pelkistyy hyvin helposti. Vedessä se deprotonoituu kromaatti-ioniksi ja vety-ioniksi ja protonoimaton muoto on vallitseva vain hyvin happamissa olosuhteissa. Typpihappo- ja perkloorihappoliuoksissa on havaittu myös muoto HCrO4-.[5]

Käyttö

Kromihappo on voimakas hapetin, minkä vuoksi sitä käytetään laboratorioissa lasitavaroiden puhdistamiseen. Ongelmana on kuitenkin kuusiarvoisen kromin myrkyllisyys ja karsinogeenisuus.[6]

Kromihappo kykenee hapettamaan monia orgaanisia yhdisteitä. Sillä voidaan hapettaa primaariset alkoholit aldehydeiksi ja usein myös edelleen karboksyylihapoiksi, sekundääriset alkoholit ketoneiksi. Lisäksi se voi hapettaa myös alkeenejä ja aromaattisia hiilivetyjä. Yhdisteen alkoholienhapetusmekanismin arvellaan sisältävän kromaattiesterin, joka hajoaa kahden elektroninsiirron seurauksena, jolloin myös yksi hiilen ja vedyn välinen sidos katkeaa ja hiilen ja hapen välille syntyy kaksoissidos.[3][7][8]

Kromihaposta voidaan valmistaa myös muita yhdisteitä esimerkiksi suolahapon ja kromihapon välisessä reaktiossa muodostuu kromyylikloridia.[1]

Lähteet

  1. a b c Egon Wiberg, Nils Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman: Inorganic chemistry, s. 1371. Academic Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9 Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 21.9.2010). (englanniksi)
  2. E. M. Karamäki: Epäorgaaniset kemikaalit, s. 183. Kustannusliike Tietoteos, 1983. ISBN 951-9035-61-3
  3. a b W. Carruthers: Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, s. 239. Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 9780521311175 Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 21.9.2010). (englanniksi)
  4. OVA-ohje: Kromitrioksidi Työterveyslaitos. Viitattu 8.10.2023.
  5. Billie J. Page & Gary W. Loar: Chromium Compounds,Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001 Teoksen verkkoversio
  6. J. M. McCormick: The Grasshopper's Guide to Cleaning Glassware 2006. Truman State University. Viitattu 8.10.2023. (englanniksi)
  7. Fillmore Freeman: Chromic acid, e-EROS Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001 Teoksen verkkoversio
  8. Donald L. Pavia: Introduction to organic laboratory techniques, s. 245. Cengage Learning, 2005. ISBN 978-0534408336 Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 21.9.2010). (englanniksi)
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