Ekstrapyramidaalijärjestelmä

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Ekstrapyramidaalijärjestelmä

Ekstrapyramidaalijärjestelmä on ihmisillä aivoissa sijaitseva keskushermoston osa, joka säätelee ihmisen tiedostomatonta liikkeiden sujuvuutta eli motoriikkaa. Siihen kuuluvat muun muassa tyvitumakkeet eli basaaligangliot. Anatomisesti ekstrapyramidaalijärjestelmä on aivojen motoristen hermojen muodostaman pyramidiradan ulkopuolelle jäävä osa. Ekstrapyramidaalirata kontrolloi lihastonusta ja tasapainoheijasteita. Järjestelmään kuuluu monimutkainen neuronien takaisinkytkentäjärjestelmä. Ei-tahdonalaiseen motoriikkaan kuuluvat myös pikkuaivot, joiden tehtävänä on enemmän liikkeiden koordinaatiota. Ekstrapyramidaaliradat lähtevät tyvitumakkeista ja talamuksesta.

Ekstrapyramidaalijärjestelmän häiriöitä kutsutaan usein ekstrapyramidaalioireiksi, joista esimerkkinä parkinsonismi. Parkinsonismi saattaa aiheutua Parkinsonin taudista tai psyykenlääkkeiden sivuvaikutuksista mutta myös psyykkisistä sairauksista, kuten skitsofrenia, kaksisuuntainen mielialahäiriö ja depressio. Häiriöitä aiheuttavat lääkkeet ovat yleensä ihmisen aivoihin vaikuttavia voimakkaita lääkkeitä, esimerkiksi antipsykootteja, Alzheimer-lääkkeitä tai litiumia.

Häiriöt ilmenevät esimerkiksi lihasten nykimisenä tahdonvastaisesti ihmisen liikkuessa tai puhuessa tai vaikkapa käsien tärinänä. Häiriön voivat aiheuttaa myös psyykenlääkkeet.

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