لایحه حقوق رأی‌گیری ۱۹۶۵
لایحه حقوق رأی‌گیری ۱۹۶۵ عنوان بلند لایحه ای برای اجرای متمم پانزدهم قانون اساسی ایالات متحده و دیگر مقاصد. سرنام (ها) (محاوره‌ای) VRA نام‌های مستعار لایحه حقوق رای گیری تصویب‌شده توسط ۸۹امین کنگره ایالات متحده اجرایی شده از ۶ اوت ۱۹۶۵ حقوق عمومی Pub.L. 89-110اساسنامهٔ بزرگ 79 Stat. 437 عنوان‌های اصلاح‌شده Title 52—Voting and Elections U.S.C. بخش‌های ایجادشده کد ایالات متحده
متمم لایحه حقوق رای دهی 1970[ ۱]
Voting Rights Act of 1965, Amendments of 1975[ ۲]
متمم لایحه حقوق رای دهی 1982[ ۳]
Voting Rights Language Assistance Act of 1992[ ۴]
Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks, Coretta Scott King, César E. Chávez, Barbara C. Jordan, William C. Velásquez, and Dr. Hector P. Garcia Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and Amendments Act of 2006[ ۵] [ ۶]
South Carolina v. Katzenbach 383 U.S. 301 (1966) Katzenbach v. Morgan 384 U.S. 641 (1966) Cardona v. Power 384 U.S. 672 (1966) Allen v. State Board of Elections 393 U.S. 544 (1969) Gaston County v. United States 395 U.S. 285 (1969) Oregon v. Mitchell 400 U.S. 112 (1970) City of Richmond v. United States 422 U.S. 358 (1975) East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall 424 U.S. 636 (1976) Beer v. United States , 425 U.S. 130 (1976) United Jewish Organizations v. Carey 430 U.S. 144 (1977) Mobile v. Bolden 446 U.S. 55 (1980) City of Rome v. United States , 446 U.S. 156 (1980) Escambia County v. McMillan 466 U.S. 48 (1984) Mississippi Republican Executive Committee v. Brooks 469 U.S. 1002 (1984) Thornburg v. Gingles 478 U.S. 30 (1986) Clark v. Roemer 500 U.S. 646 (1991) Chisom v. Roemer 501 U.S. 380 (1991) Houston Lawyers' Association v. Attorney General of Texas 501 U.S. 419 (1991) Presley v. Etowah County Comm'n 502 U.S. 491 (1992) Growe v. Emison 507 U.S. 25 (1993) Voinovich v. Quilter 507 U.S. 146 (1993) Shaw v. Reno 509 U.S. 630 (1993) Holder v. Hall 512 U.S. 874 (1994) Johnson v. De Grandy 512 U.S. 997 (1994) Miller v. Johnson 515 U.S. 900 (1995) Morse v. Republican Party of Virginia 517 U.S. 186 (1996) Shaw v. Hunt 517 U.S. 899 (1996) Bush v. Vera 517 U.S. 952 (1996) Lopez v. Monterey County 519 U.S. 9 (1996) Young v. Fordice 520 U.S. 273 (1997) Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board 520 U.S. 471 (1997) Abrams v. Johnson 521 U.S. 74 (1997) Foreman v. Dallas County 521 U.S. 979 (1997) City of Monroe v. United States 522 U.S. 34 (1997) Texas v. United States 523 U.S. 296 (1998) Lopez v. Monterey County 525 U.S. 266 (1999) Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board 528 U.S. 320 (2000) Branch v. Smith 538 U.S. 254 (2003) Georgia v. Ashcroft 539 U.S. 461 (2003) League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry 548 U.S. 399 (2006) Riley v. Kennedy 553 U.S. 406 (2008) Bartlett v. Strickland 556 U.S. 1 (2009) Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder 557 U.S. 193 (2009) Perry v. Perez 565 U.S. 388 (2012) Shelby County v. Holder 570 U.S. 529 (2013) Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama ___ U.S. , (Docket No. 13-895 ) Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections ___ U.S. , (Docket No. 15-680 ) Cooper v. Harris ___ U.S. , (Docket No. 15-1262 ) North Carolina v. Covington ___ U.S. , (Docket No. 16-1023 ) Abbott v. Perez ___ U.S. , (Docket No. 17-586 ) North Carolina v. Covington ___ U.S. , (Docket No. 17-1364 ) Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee ___ U.S. , (Docket No. 19-1257 ) Allen v. Milligan ___ U.S. , (Docket No. 21-1086 )
لایحه حقوق رای دهی ۱۹۶۵ از قانون‌های تاریخساز فدرال در ایالات متحده است که تبعیض نژادی در رای دادن را ممنوع می‌کند.[ ۷] [ ۸] رئیس‌جمهور لیندون بی. جانسون در اوج جنبش حقوق مدنی در ۶ اوت ۱۹۶۵ به قانون تبدیل شد و کنگره بعداً این قانون را پنج بار اصلاح کرد تا حفاظت‌های آن را گسترش دهد.[ ۷] چهاردهم و پانزدهم قانون اساسی ایالات متحده طراحی شده بود، در پی تضمین حق رای دادن برای اقلیت‌های نژادی در سراسر کشور، به ویژه در جنوب بود. به گفته وزارت دادگستری ایالات متحده ، این قانون موثرترین قانون فدرال حقوق مدنی است که تا کنون در این کشور وضع شده‌است.[ ۹] [ ۱۰]
تحقیقات نشان می‌دهد که این قانون با موفقیت و به‌طور گسترده میزان مشارکت و ثبت نام رای‌دهندگان را به ویژه در میان سیاه پوستان افزایش داده‌است.[ ۱۱] [ ۱۲] [ ۱۳] [ ۱۴] [ ۱۵] [ ۱۶]
↑ "Public Law 91-285" . June 22, 1970. Retrieved April 19, 2014 .↑ "Public Law 94-73" . August 6, 1975. Retrieved April 19, 2014 .↑ "Public Law 97-205" . June 29, 1982. Retrieved April 19, 2014 .↑ "Public Law 102-344" . August 26, 1992. Retrieved April 19, 2014 .↑ "Public Law 109-246" . July 27, 2006. Retrieved April 19, 2014 .↑ "Public Law 110-258" . July 1, 2008. Retrieved April 19, 2014 .↑ ۷٫۰ ۷٫۱ "History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965" . United States Department of Justice. July 28, 2017. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021 .↑ "Voting Rights Act" . National Voting Rights Museum and Institute. Retrieved May 23, 2014 .↑ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain : "Introduction to Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Effect of the Voting Rights Act" . U.S. Department of Justice. June 19, 2009. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2014 .↑ "Voting Rights Act of 1965" . هیستوری (شبکه تلویزیونی) . November 9, 2009. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021 .↑ Fresh, Adriane (February 23, 2018). "The Effect of the Voting Rights Act on Enfranchisement: Evidence from North Carolina". The Journal of Politics . 80 (2): 713–718. doi :10.1086/697592 . ↑ Ang, Desmond (2019). "Do 40-Year-Old Facts Still Matter? Long-Run Effects of Federal Oversight under the Voting Rights Act" . American Economic Journal: Applied Economics (به انگلیسی). 11 (3): 1–53. doi :10.1257/app.20170572 ISSN 1945-7782 . ↑ Shah, P. R.; Marschall, M. J.; Ruhil, A. V. S. (2013). "Are We There Yet? The Voting Rights Act and Black Representation on City Councils, 1981–2006" . The Journal of Politics . 75 (4): 993–1008. doi :10.1017/s0022381613000972 . ↑ Schuit, Sophie; Rogowski, Jon C. (December 1, 2016). "Race, Representation, and the Voting Rights Act". American Journal of Political Science (به انگلیسی). 61 (3): 513–526. doi :10.1111/ajps.12284 . ISSN 1540-5907 . ↑ Cascio, Elizabeth U.; Washington, Ebonya (February 1, 2014). "Valuing the Vote: The Redistribution of Voting Rights and State Funds following the Voting Rights Act of 1965" . The Quarterly Journal of Economics (به انگلیسی). 129 (1): 379–433. doi :10.1093/qje/qjt028 . ISSN 0033-5533 . ↑ Bernini, Andrea; Facchini, Giovanni; Testa, Cecilia (2023). "Race, Representation, and Local Governments in the US South: The Effect of the Voting Rights Act" . Journal of Political Economy (به انگلیسی). 131 (4): 994–1056. doi :10.1086/722092 . ISSN 0022-3808 .
Ansolabehere, Stephen; Persily, Nathaniel; Stewart, Charles III (2010). "Race, Region, and Vote Choice in the 2008 Election: Implications for the Future of the Voting Rights Act" . نشریه نقد حقوق هاروارد 123 (6): 1385–1436. Berman, Ari (2015). Give Us the Ballot: The Modern Struggle for Voting Rights in America . New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-15827-9 Bullock, Charles S. III, Ronald Keith Gaddie, and Justin J. Wert, eds. (2016). The Rise and Fall of the Voting Rights Act by (University of Oklahoma Press; 240 pages) focus on period between the 2006 revision of the 1965 act and the invalidation of one of its key provisions in Shelby County v. Holder (2013).
Davidson, Chandler (1984). Minority Vote Dilution واشینگتن، دی.سی. : Howard University Press. ISBN 978-0-88258-156-9 Davidson, Chandler (1994). Quiet Revolution in the South: The Impact of the Voting Rights Act, 1965–1990 . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02108-9 Finley, Keith M. (2008). Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938–1965 ISBN 978-0-8071-3345-3 Garrow, David J. (1978). Protest at Selma: Martin Luther King, Jr. , and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ISBN 978-0-300-02498-2 Lawson, Steven F. (1976). Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944–1969 ISBN 978-0-7391-0087-5 Smooth, Wendy (September 2006). "Intersectionality in electoral politics: a mess worth making". Politics & Gender 2 (3): 400–414. doi :10.1017/S1743923X06261087 . S2CID 145812097 .
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