آمفتامین استخلافی

آمفتامین استخلافی
کلاس دارویی
Racemic amphetamine skeleton
ساختار آمفتامین
شناسه‌های دسته‌بندی
طبقه‌بندی شیمیاییمشتقات استخلافی آمفتامین
در ویکی‌داده
ایزومرهای نوری آمفتامین
ال-آمفتامین دی-آمفتامین

آمفتامین‌های استخلافی دسته ای از ترکیبات شیمیایی هستند که ساختار هسته اصلی آن بر اساس ساختار آمفتامین بنا شده‌است.[۱] این ترکیبات شامل تمام ترکیبات مشتق شده از آمفتامین به وسیله جابجایی یا جانشینی یک یا چند اتم هیدروژن در ساختار هسته آمفتامین با یک استخلاف است.[۲][۳][۴][۵] ترکیبات موجود در این دسته انواع مختلفی از زیردسته‌های دارویی را شامل می‌شوند، از جمله محرک‌ها، empathogenها، توهم‌زاها و غیره.[۶] نمونه‌های آمفتامین استخلافی عبارت است از: آمفتامین (ترکیب هسته سازنده)،[۷][۸]مت‌آمفتامین،[۹] افدرین،[۱۰] کاتینون،[۱۱] فنترمین،[۱۲] مفنترمین،[۱۳] بوپروپیون،[۱۴] متوکسی فنامین،[۱۵] سلژیلین،[۱۶] آمفپرامون،[۱۷] پیرووالرون،[۱۸] MDMA (اکستازی) و DOM (STP).

فهرست برخی از آمفتامین‌های استخلافی

نام ژنریک یا غیررسمی نام شیمیایی # تعداد استخلاف‌ها
آمفتامین α-Methyl-phenethylamine ۰
مت‌آمفتامین N-Methylamphetamine ۱
Ethylamphetamine N-Ethylamphetamine ۱
پروپیل آمفتامین N-Propylamphetamine ۱
Isopropylamphetamine N-iso-Propylamphetamine ۱
Phentermine α-Methylamphetamine ۱
فنیل پروپانول آمین (PPA) β-Hydroxyamphetamine, (1R,2S)- ۱
کاتین (شیمی) β-Hydroxyamphetamine, (1S,2S)- ۱
کاتینون β-Ketoamphetamine ۱
اورتتامین 2-Methylamphetamine ۱
2-Fluoroamphetamine (2-FA) 2-Fluoroamphetamine ۱
3-Methylamphetamine (3-MA) 3-Methylamphetamine ۱
2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane 2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane ۱
3-Fluoroamphetamine (3-FA) 3-Fluoroamphetamine ۱
نورفن‌فلورآمین 3-Trifluoromethylamphetamine ۱
4-Methylamphetamine (4-MA) 4-Methylamphetamine ۱
para-Methoxyamphetamine (PMA) 4-Methoxyamphetamine ۱
para-Ethoxyamphetamine 4-Ethoxyamphetamine ۱
4-Methylthioamphetamine (4-MTA) 4-Methylthioamphetamine ۱
نورفولدرین (α-Me-TRA) 4-Hydroxyamphetamine ۱
para-Bromoamphetamine (PBA, 4-BA) 4-Bromoamphetamine ۱
para-Chloroamphetamine (PCA, 4-CA) 4-Chloroamphetamine ۱
para-Fluoroamphetamine (PFA, 4-FA, 4-FMP) 4-Fluoroamphetamine ۱
para-Iodoamphetamine (PIA, 4-IA) 4-Iodoamphetamine ۱
Clobenzorex N-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine ۱
Dimethylamphetamine N,N-Dimethylamphetamine ۲
Benzphetamine N-Benzyl-N-methylamphetamine ۲
D-Deprenyl N-Methyl-N-propargylamphetamine, (S)- ۲
سلژیلین N-Methyl-N-propargylamphetamine, (R)- ۲
مفنترمین N-Methyl-α-methylamphetamine ۲
Phenpentermine α,β-Dimethylamphetamine ۲
افدرین β-Hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine, (1R,2S)- ۲
سودوافدرین (PSE) β-Hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine, (1S,2S)- ۲
Methcathinone β-Keto-N-methylamphetamine ۲
Ethcathinone β-Keto-N-ethylamphetamine ۲
کلورترمین 2-Chloro-α-methylamphetamine ۲
Methoxymethylamphetamine (MMA) 3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine ۲
فنفلورامین 3-Trifluoromethyl-N-ethylamphetamine ۲
Dexfenfluramine 3-Trifluoromethyl-N-ethylamphetamine, (S)- ۲
4-Methylmethamphetamine (4-MMA) 4-Methyl-N-methylamphetamine ۲
para-Methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA) 4-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine ۲
para-Methoxyethylamphetamine (PMEA) 4-Methoxy-N-ethylamphetamine ۲
فولدرین 4-Hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine ۲
Chlorphentermine 4-Chloro-α-methylamphetamine ۲
para-Fluoromethamphetamine (PFMA, 4-FMA) 4-Fluoro-N-methylamphetamine ۲
زیلوپروپامین 3,4-Dimethylamphetamine ۲
α-Methyldopamine (α-Me-DA) 3,4-Dihydroxyamphetamine ۲
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine ۲
Dimethoxyamphetamine (DMA) X,X-Dimethoxyamphetamine ۲
6-APB 6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran ۲
کوربادرین (α-Me-NE) β,3,4-Trihydroxyamphetamine, (R)- ۳
Oxilofrine β,4-Dihydroxy-N-methylamphetamine ۳
Aleph 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylthioamphetamine ۳
دی‌اوبی (روانگردان) (DOB) 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine ۳
Dimethoxychloroamphetamine (DOC) 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine ۳
دی‌اوئی‌اف (روانگردان) (DOEF) 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroethylamphetamine ۳
Dimethoxyethylamphetamine (DOET) 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine ۳
Dimethoxyfluoroamphetamine (DOF) 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroamphetamine ۳
دی‌اوآی (روانگردان) (DOI) 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine ۳
دی‌اوام (روانگردان) (DOM) 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine ۳
دی‌اوان (روانگردان) (DON) 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine ۳
Dimethoxypropylamphetamine (DOPR) 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine ۳
Dimethoxytrifluoromethylamphetamine (DOTFM) 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-trifluoromethylamphetamine ۳
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (اکستازی) 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine ۳
Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine ۳
Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine (MDOH) 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine ۳
2-Methyl-MDA 3,4-Methylenedioxy-2-methylamphetamine ۳
5-Methyl-MDA 4,5-Methylenedioxy-3-methylamphetamine ۳
Methoxymethylenedioxyamphetamine (MMDA) 3-Methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine ۳
Trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA) X,X,X-Trimethoxyamphetamine ۳
Dimethylcathinone β-Keto-N,N-dimethylamphetamine ۳
Diethylcathinone β-Keto-N,N-diethylamphetamine ۳
بوپروپیون β-Keto-3-chloro-N-tert-butylamphetamine ۳
مفدرون (4-MMC) β-Keto-4-methyl-N-methylamphetamine ۳
Methedrone (PMMC) β-Keto-4-methoxy-N-methylamphetamine ۳
Brephedrone (4-BMC) β-Keto-4-bromo-N-methylamphetamine ۳
Flephedrone (4-FMC) β-Keto-4-fluoro-N-methylamphetamine ۳

منابع

  1. Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". Trends Plant Sci. 17 (7): 404–412. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004. PMID 22502775. Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (S)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (R)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...
    [Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.
  2. Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". Trends Plant Sci. 17 (7): 404–412. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004. PMID 22502775. Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (S)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (R)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...
    [Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.
  3. Glennon RA (2013). "Phenylisopropylamine stimulants: amphetamine-related agents". In Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W (eds.). Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry (7th ed.). Philadelphia, USA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 646–648. ISBN 9781609133450. The simplest unsubstituted phenylisopropylamine, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, or amphetamine, serves as a common structural template for hallucinogens and psychostimulants. Amphetamine produces central stimulant, anorectic, and sympathomimetic actions, and it is the prototype member of this class (39).
  4. Lillsunde P, Korte T (March 1991). "Determination of ring- and N-substituted amphetamines as heptafluorobutyryl derivatives". Forensic Sci. Int. 49 (2): 205–213. doi:10.1016/0379-0738(91)90081-s. PMID 1855720.
  5. Custodio, Raly James Perez; Botanas, Chrislean Jun; Yoon, Seong Shoon; Peña, June Bryan de la; Peña, Irene Joy dela; Kim, Mikyung; Woo, Taeseon; Seo, Joung-Wook; Jang, Choon-Gon; Kwon, Yong Ho; Kim, Nam Yong (2017-11-01). "Evaluation of the Abuse Potential of Novel Amphetamine Derivatives with Modifications on the Amine (NBNA) and Phenyl (EDA, PMEA, 2-APN) Sites". Biomolecules & Therapeutics (به انگلیسی). 25 (6): 578–585. doi:10.4062/biomolther.2017.141. ISSN 2005-4483. PMC 5685426. PMID 29081089.
  6. Glennon RA (2013). "Phenylisopropylamine stimulants: amphetamine-related agents". In Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W (eds.). Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry (7th ed.). Philadelphia, USA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 646–648. ISBN 9781609133450. The simplest unsubstituted phenylisopropylamine, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, or amphetamine, serves as a common structural template for hallucinogens and psychostimulants. Amphetamine produces central stimulant, anorectic, and sympathomimetic actions, and it is the prototype member of this class (39).
  7. Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". Trends Plant Sci. 17 (7): 404–412. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004. PMID 22502775. Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (S)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (R)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...
    [Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.
  8. Glennon RA (2013). "Phenylisopropylamine stimulants: amphetamine-related agents". In Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W (eds.). Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry (7th ed.). Philadelphia, USA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 646–648. ISBN 9781609133450. The simplest unsubstituted phenylisopropylamine, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, or amphetamine, serves as a common structural template for hallucinogens and psychostimulants. Amphetamine produces central stimulant, anorectic, and sympathomimetic actions, and it is the prototype member of this class (39).
  9. Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". Trends Plant Sci. 17 (7): 404–412. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004. PMID 22502775. Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (S)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (R)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...
    [Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.
  10. Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". Trends Plant Sci. 17 (7): 404–412. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004. PMID 22502775. Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (S)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (R)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...
    [Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.
  11. Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". Trends Plant Sci. 17 (7): 404–412. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004. PMID 22502775. Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (S)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (R)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...
    [Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.
  12. Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". Trends Plant Sci. 17 (7): 404–412. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004. PMID 22502775. Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (S)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (R)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...
    [Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.
  13. Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". Trends Plant Sci. 17 (7): 404–412. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004. PMID 22502775. Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (S)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (R)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...
    [Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.
  14. Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". Trends Plant Sci. 17 (7): 404–412. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004. PMID 22502775. Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (S)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (R)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...
    [Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.
  15. Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". Trends Plant Sci. 17 (7): 404–412. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004. PMID 22502775. Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (S)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (R)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...
    [Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.
  16. Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". Trends Plant Sci. 17 (7): 404–412. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004. PMID 22502775. Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (S)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (R)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...
    [Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.
  17. Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". Trends Plant Sci. 17 (7): 404–412. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004. PMID 22502775. Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (S)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (R)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...
    [Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.
  18. Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". Trends Plant Sci. 17 (7): 404–412. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004. PMID 22502775. Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3].  ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (S)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (R)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79].  ...
    [Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.

کتابشناسی

پیوند به بیرون

Read other articles:

Name of two superheroes Comics character Mister TerrificMichael Holt and Terry Sloane, both versions of Mr. Terrific. Cover of JSA #70, art by Dave Gibbons.Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsFirst appearanceTerry Sloane:Sensation Comics #1 (January 1942)Michael Holt:Spectre (vol. 3) #54 (June 1997)Created byTerry Sloane:Charles ReizensteinHal SharpMichael Holt:John OstranderTom MandrakeIn-story informationAlter egoTerry SloaneMichael HoltTeam affiliationsJustice Society of AmericaJustic...

 

 

Untuk acara televisi, lihat Prediksi (acara televisi). The PrediksiInformasi latar belakangDibentuk25 Agustus 2018[1]Situs webThe Prediksi di InstagramSloganJaya! Jaya! Jaya!MotoKlub motor paling dicintai warganet[2]Keanggotaan[3]KetuaAndre Taulany[4]Anggota Desta Ferry Maryadi Gading Marten Imam Darto Omesh Ronal Surapradja Soleh Solihun Surya Insomnia Stevie Item Tora Sudiro Vincent Rompies Wendi Cagur lbs The Prediksi adalah klub motor yang digagas oleh Andr...

 

 

American public health official Sylvia Trent-AdamsPrincipal Deputy Assistant Secretary for HealthIn officeJanuary 2, 2019 – September 30, 2020PresidentDonald TrumpDeputy Surgeon General of the United StatesIn officeOctober 25, 2015 – January 2, 2019PresidentBarack ObamaDonald TrumpPreceded byVivek MurthySucceeded byErica SchwartzSurgeon General of the United StatesActingIn officeApril 21, 2017 – September 5, 2017PresidentDonald TrumpPreceded byVivek MurthySucc...

2012 United States House of Representatives election in the Northern Mariana Islands ← 2010 November 6, 2012 2014 →   Nominee Gregorio Sablan Ignacia Demapan Party Independent Republican Popular vote 9,829 2,503 Percentage 79.7% 20.3% Results by voting district: Gregorio Sablan:      70–75%      75–80%      80–85%      85–90%      ...

 

 

سفارة السويد في العراق السويد العراق الإحداثيات 33°19′06″N 44°25′31″E / 33.3184°N 44.4252°E / 33.3184; 44.4252  البلد العراق  المكان بغداد  الموقع الالكتروني الموقع الرسمي،  والموقع الرسمي  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   سفارة السويد في العراق هي أرفع تمثيل دبلوماسي[1] لدو

 

 

Castillo de Esponellá Bien de interés culturalPatrimonio histórico de España LocalizaciónPaís España EspañaComunidad Cataluña CataluñaProvincia GeronaGeronaLocalidad EsponelláDatos generalesCategoría MonumentoCódigo RI-51-0005893[1]​Declaración 8 de noviembre de 1988Estilo arquitectura militar[editar datos en Wikidata] El Castillo de Esponellá es un castillo situado en Esponellá, en el Pla de l'Estany. Este castillo, que fue erigido en castillo fronte...

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: List of royal guests at the coronation of Elizabeth II – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JS...

 

 

Duta Besar Republik Kongo untuk IndonesiaPetahanaFelix Ngomasejak 2019 Berikut adalah daftar duta besar Republik Kongo untuk Republik Indonesia. Nama Kredensial Selesai tugas Ref. Felix Ngoma 13 Februari 2019 [1][cat. 1] Catatan ^ Berkedudukan di Tokyo. Lihat pula Daftar Duta Besar Indonesia untuk Republik Kongo Daftar duta besar untuk Indonesia Referensi ^ Presiden Jokowi Terima Surat Kepercayaan 11 Duta Besar Negara Sahabat. Kementerian Sekretariat Negara Republik Indon...

 

 

Local government area in Queensland, AustraliaShire of MurwehQueenslandLocation of the shire within QueenslandPopulation4,318 (2018)[1] • Density0.10609/km2 (0.2748/sq mi)Established1879Area40,700 km2 (15,714.4 sq mi)[1]MayorShaun RadnedgeCouncil seatCharlevilleRegionSouth West QueenslandState electorate(s)WarregoFederal division(s)MaranoaWebsiteShire of Murweh LGAs around Shire of Murweh: Blackall-Tambo Blackall-Tambo Central Highlands Quilpie ...

Turk PipkinBornClyde Turk Pipkin (1953-07-02) July 2, 1953 (age 70)Tom Green, Texas, U.S.OccupationAuthor, Filmmaker, ActivistNationalityAmericanNotable worksWhen Angels Sing, The Old Man and the Tee, Fast GreensWebsitetwitter.com/turkpipkin Turk Pipkin (born July 2, 1953) is an author, actor, comedian and director. He is the co-founder of The Nobelity Project, a non-profit organization which seeks to find solutions to global problems, and which advocates for basic rights for children. H...

 

 

هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (فبراير 2023) يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقال...

 

 

Marc Tierney Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Marc Peter Tierney[1]Tanggal lahir 23 Agustus 1945 (umur 78)Tempat lahir Prestwich, InggrisTinggi 1,83 m (6 ft 0 in)Posisi bermain Bek KiriKarier junior000?–2003 Oldham AthleticKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2003–2007 Oldham Athletic 37 (0)2004–2005 → Carlisle United (pinjaman) 10 (0)2007–2009 Shrewsbury Town 79 (1)2008–2009 → Colchester United (pinjaman) 6 (0)2009–2011 Colchester United 74 (1)2011–2...

Song by R.E.M So. Central Rain (I'm Sorry)Single by R.E.M.from the album Reckoning B-sideWalter's Theme; King of the Road; Voice of Harold; Pale Blue EyesReleasedMay 15, 1984Recorded1983GenreAlternative rockjangle pop[1]Length3:11LabelI.R.S.Songwriter(s)Bill BerryPeter BuckMike MillsMichael Stipe[2]Producer(s)Mitch EasterDon DixonR.E.M. singles chronology Talk About the Passion (1983) So. Central Rain (I'm Sorry) (1984) (Don't Go Back To) Rockville (1984) So. Central Rain (I'm...

 

 

American fantasy drama television series TrueBlood redirects here. For the surname, see Trueblood. True BloodGenre Fantasy Horror Drama Created byAlan BallBased onThe Southern Vampire Mysteriesby Charlaine HarrisStarring Anna Paquin Stephen Moyer Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Ryan Kwanten Rutina Wesley Chris Bauer Nelsan Ellis Jim Parrack Carrie Preston Michael Raymond-James William Sanderson Lynn Collins Lois Smith Adina Porter Lizzy Caplan Stephen Root Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Michelle F...

 

 

Mountain range in central Morocco This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) High AtlasHighest pointPeakJbel ToubkalElevation4,167 m (13,671 ft)Coordinates31°03′43″N 7°54′58″W / 31.06194°N 7.91611°W / 31.06194; -7.91611GeographyLocation of t...

NFL cheerleader squad Dallas Cowboys CheerleadersFormationSeptember 1961; 62 years ago (September 1961)Membership 36DirectorKelli FinglassAffiliationsDallas CowboysWebsitedallascowboyscheerleaders.com The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders (sometimes initialized as DCC, and officially nicknamed America's Sweethearts) are the National Football League cheerleading squad representing the Dallas Cowboys team.[1] History 1960s During a game between the Cowboys and the Atlanta Falcons...

 

 

1928 novel by Alexander Belyayev Ichthyander redirects here. For other uses, see Ichthyander (disambiguation). For the 1962 film based on this novel, see Amphibian Man (film). For amphibian humanoids, see List of piscine and amphibian humanoids. Amphibian Man AuthorAlexander BelayevOriginal titleЧеловек-амфибияLanguageRussianGenreScience fictionPublication date1928 Amphibian Man (rus. Человек-амфибия) is a science fiction adventure novel by the Soviet Russian ...

 

 

Danish island For the town in Western Australia, see Bornholm, Western Australia. For other uses, see Bornholm (disambiguation). BornholmGeographyLocationBaltic SeaCoordinates55°8′N 14°55′E / 55.133°N 14.917°E / 55.133; 14.917Area588.36 km2 (227.17 sq mi)Highest elevation162 m (531 ft)Highest pointRytterknægtenAdministrationDenmarkRegionCapital RegionMunicipalityBornholmLargest settlementRønne (pop. 13,772 (2020))De...

Collected Poems in Englishангл. Collected Poems in English Жанр Поэзия Автор Иосиф Бродский Язык оригинала английский Дата написания 1972—1996 Дата первой публикации 2000 Издательство New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux Collected Poems in English — наиболее полное на сегодняшний день собрание англоязычной поэзии Иосифа...

 

 

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. M82. У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Barrett. Barrett M82 Тип крупнокалиберная снайперская винтовка Страна  США История службы Годы эксплуатации 1989—н. в. На вооружении см. ниже Войны и конфликты Конфликт в Севе...

 

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!