Tesela

Erromatar mosaiko baten teselak.
Mosaiko apaingarria.

Tesela (latinez tessera) mosaikoak egiteko piezetako bakoitza da. Antzinatean, marmolezkoak, kareharrizkoak, portzelanazkoak zein beirazkoak ziren. Hitza latinezko tessella hitzetik dator, bere aldetik, grezierazko τεσσερες datorrena.

Erromatarrek mosaikoak egiten zituzten tesela izeneko pieza txiki horiekin, beraz opus edo ars tessellatum ere deitzen zitzaien. Teselak itxura kubikoko piezak dira, haitz kareharrizkoak edo beirazko edo zeramikazko materialezkoak, oso zainduak eta landuak eta tamaina desberdinetakoak. Artistak azalean antolatzen zituen, buru-hausgarri baten moduan, kolorea eta forma banatuz eta masa konglomeratzailearekin finkatuz.

Greziar munduan oso ohikoa eta oso goizetik izan zen (K.a. V. mendearen amaieratik aurrera) tamaina eta kolore ezberdineko errekarriz (ibai ertzetan dauden harritxoak) osatutako zoladura. Lan honi lithostrôtos deitzen zioten (harriz estalia edo hedatua). Errekarri horiekin gai geometrikoen marrazki sinpleak egiten ziren. III. mendearen amaieran, K.a. IV. mendean, teselak, harritxo koloreaniztun hauek ordezkatzera etorri ziren.

Erromatarrak, teselekin egindako lana menperatzera iritsi ziren. Lehen lanak oso tesela txikiekin egiten ziren, eta, jada inperioaren garaian, tamaina handiagoa hartu zen, zentimetro karratu batekoa. Pergamoko Sosok izeneko mosaiko egileak, usoak izenarekin ezagutzen den mosaikoan, profesional handi baten lana egin zuen; mosaiko hau, tesela txikiz osatua dago: hirurogei teselek zentimetro karratuko espazioa hartzen dute.

Teselak konglomeratzaile ia likidozko ohe baten gainean jartzen ziren. XIX. mendeko margolari inpresionisten puntillismoarekin aldera daitekeen teknika bat zen. Mosaikoz egindako zoladura bat egiteko, hainbat urrats egin behar ziren, eta denborarekin hobetzen joan ziren. Lantegia berezia zen. Han, koadroa diseinatzen zen lehenik, eta lan honek enblema izena hartzen zuen, grekotik hartutako ahotsa, "Inkrustatzen den zerbait" esan nahi duena. Koadroa diseinatu ondoren, kolorearen araberako banaketa egiten zen. Ondoren, zatitutako lursail horietako bakoitzetik txantiloi bat ateratzen zen papiroan edo oihalean, eta txantiloi horren gainean teselak jartzen ziren, aurretik aukeratutako ereduari jarraituz. Teselak alderantzikatuta jartzen ziren, hau da, ikusiko zen aurpegiak txantilioiari itsatsita egon behar zuen. Lan hau amaituta zegoenean, adituek in situ garraiatzen zuten, artistak bere lana bertan amai zezan.

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