Supererraldoi

Izar supererraldoiak (ingelesez: supergiant stars) 10 eta 50 eguzki masa arteko masa eta neurri oso handia duten izarrak dira, supererraldoi gorrien kasuan, Eguzkiarenaren halako 1000 izan daitekeena. Hertzsprung-Russell diagramaren goialdea hartzen dute. Yerkesen espektro sailkapenean, Ia argitasun klasekoak dira (supererraldoirik argitsuenak), edo Ib (argitasun gutxienekoak). Euren magnitude absolutu bolometriko tipikoak, -5etik -12rarte doaz. Biziki argitsuak diren supererraldoiak, hipererraldoi (0 klasea) bezala sailkatzen dira.

Ezaugarriak

Supererraldoien erradioa, gure Eguzkiaren halako 30 eta 500 bitartekoa izan daiteke, nahiz eta Eguzkiarena baino 1000 aldiz handiagokoak ere egon daitezkeen. Stefan-Boltzmann legeak, supererraldoi gorrien azal erlatiboki hotzek, area unitateko, supererraldoi urdinenak baino energia gutxiago igortzen dutela ezartzen du, eta, beraz, argitasun jakin batekiko, supererraldoi gorriak, supererraldoi urdinak baino handiagoak dira.

Bere masa handia dela-eta, energia oso erritmo altuan kontsumitzen dute, eta oso argitsuak dira. Adibidez, Naosek (ζ Puppis), gure eguzkiaren argitasunaren halako 1.000.000 du. Beste alde batetik, bizitza labur bat dute, euren erregai nuklearra milioika urte batzuetan agortuz, eta, euren bizitzaren amaieran, supernoba bezala eztanda eginez.

Supererraldoiak, espektro mota ezberdinetakoak izan daitezke, supererraldoi urdin gazteetatik hasi, O klasekoak direnak, M klaseko supererraldoi gorri eboluzionatuetaraino. Rigel (β Orionis), Orionis konstelazioko izarrik distiratsuena, supererraldoi zuri-urdinxka tipiko bat da, Betelgeuse (α Orionis) eta Antares (α Scorpius), supererraldoi gorriak diren bitartean.

Banaketa

Bizitza laburra dutenez, izar supererraldoiak, nagusiki, adin gutxiko egitura kosmikoetan ikusten dira, kumulu ireki gazteetan, galaxia espiralen besoetan eta galaxia irregularren besoetan. Orokorrean, ez dira hain ugariak galaxia erraboiletan, eta ez dira oso ohi ikusten kumulu globularretan eta galaxia eliptikoetan, hauek, izar zaharrez osaturik baitaude.

Izar supererraldoien ikerketa, ikerketa esparru bizi bat da, izar masa galera bezalako faktoreek zailtzen dutena. Horregatik, euren ikerketa ez da norbanako izarretara mugatzen, baizik eta, egungo joera, izar kumuluak ikertzea dela, ondoren, emaitza bezala lortutako ereduen banaketa, Magallanesen Lainoak bezalako galaxietan behatutako supererraldoien banaketarekin alderatzeko.

Pentsatzen denez, II motako supernobak eratzen dituzten izarrak, supererraldoi gorriak dira. Baina, 1987A Supernoba sortu zuena, supererraldoi urdin bat izan zen, aurretik, bere kanpo estaldura, izar haize indartsu baten bidez jaurti zuen supererraldoi gorri bat izan zela uste den arren.

Izar supererraldoi garrantzitsuenak

Honako taula honetan, Lurreko behatzaileentzat distiratsuenak bezala agertzen diren supererraldoiak agertzen dira.

Izena Bayerren izendapena Itxurazko magnitudea Espektro mota Erradioa (Reguzkia) Argitasuna* (Leguzki)
Rigel β Orionis 0,12 B8Iab: 70 66.000
Betelgeuse α Orionis 0,58 M2Iab: 630 63.000
Antares α Scorpii 1,09 M1.5Iab-b 700 70.000
Deneb α Cygni 1,25 A2Iae 108-114 54.400
Adhara ε Canis Majoris 1,51 B2Iab: 11,4 20.000
Alnilam ε Orionis 1,70 B0Iab: 31 375.000
Mirfak α Persei 1,79 F5Iab: 62 5.400

Tamaina fisikoari dagokionez (ez masa edo argitasunari) ezagutzen diren izarrik handienak, VY Canis Majoris, VV Cephei, V354 Cephei, KW Sagittarii, KY Cygni eta μ Cephei (William Herschelen izar granatea) dira.

Ikus, gainera

Kanpo estekak

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