Multzo huts

Matematikan, multzo hutsa elementurik ez duen multzoa da. Bere tamaina edo kardinalitatea zero da.[1][2]

Multzo axiomatikoko teoria batzuek ziurtatzen dute multzo hutsa existitzen dela multzo hutseko axioma bat sartuz; beste teoria batzuetan, aldiz, haren existentzia ondoriozta daiteke. Multzoen propietate posible asko egiazkoak dira multzo hutsarentzat. Multzo hutsa ez den beste edozein multzori ez-hutsa deitzen zaio.

Zenbait testuliburutan, multzo hutsa "multzo baliogabea" da.[2]

Multzo hutsak hau betetzen du:

Notazioa

Multzo hutsaren ikurra

Multzo hutsa {}, ∅ edo ikurraz adierazi daiteke[1]. Azken bi sinbolo horiek Bourbaki taldeak (bereziki André Weil-ek) sartu zituen 1939an, daniar eta norvegiar alfabetoetako Ø letrak inspiratuta.[3] Iraganean, "0" multzo hutsaren zeinu gisa erabiltzen zen, baina orain notazioaren erabilera onartezina dela jotzen da.[4]

∅ ikurra Unicodeko U+2205 puntuan dago eskuragarri.[5]

Propietateak

Multzo-teoria axiomatiko estandarretan, bi multzo berdinak dira elementu berdinak badituzte. Ondorioz, elementurik gabeko multzo bat egon daiteke. Horregatik erabiltzen da “multzo hutsa” terminoa, eta ez “multzo huts bat”.

Hurrengo zerrendan multzo hutsaren propietate aipagarri batzuk zerrendatzen dira.

Bertan erabiltzen diren sinbolo matematikoei buruz gehiago jakiteko, ikusi sinbolo matematikoen zerrenda.

A multzo guztietarako:

  • A-ren eta multzo hutsaren bildura A multzoa da:
  • A-ren eta multzo hutsaren arteko ebakidura multzo hutsa da:

Multzo hutsak hurrengo propietateak betetzen ditu:

  • Multzo hutsaren azpimultzo bakarra hura bera da, multzo hutsa:
  • Multzo hutsaren potentzia-multzoak multzo hutsa bera baino ez dauka:
  • Multzo hutsaren elementuen kopurua (hau da, bere zenbaki kardinal) zero da; bereziki, multzo hutsa multzo finitu bat da:
honela ere adieraz daiteke:

Multzoa, hutsaren eta zeroren arteko lotura haratago doa, ordea: zenbaki naturalen multzoen definizio teoriko estandarrean, multzoak zenbaki naturalak modelatzeko erabili ohi dira. Testuinguru honetan, zero zenbaki hutsaren arabera modelatzen da.

Edozein P propietaterentzat:

  • ∅-ko edozein elementurentzat, P propietateak betetzen du (egi hutsa).
  • Ez dago ∅-ko elementurik P propietateak betetzen duenik.

Alderantziz, P propietate eta V multzo batentzat, hurrengo bi adierazpenak betetzen dira:

  • Edozein V-ko elementurentzat P propietatea betetzen da.
  • Ez dago P propietatea betetzen duen V-ko elementurik.

Beraz, V =

Azpimultzoaren definizioa jakinik, multzo hutsa edozein A multzoren azpimultzo da.  Hau da, ∅-ko edozein x elementu A-ren barne dago. Izan ere, ez balitz izango egia ∅-ko elementu guztiak A-n daudela, gutxienez ∅-ko elementu bat egongo litzateke. Baina elementurik ez dagoenez ∅-n , ez da existituko ∅-ko elementurik ez dagoena A-n.

Multzo hutsaren operazioak

Multzo finitu bateko elementuen batuketari buruz hitz egitean, multzo hutsaren elementuen batura zero dela ohartuko gara. Izan ere, multzo hutseko identitate edo elementu neutroa zero da. Era berean, multzo hutsaren elementuen biderkadura bat dela kontsideratu behar da (ikusi produktu hutsa), bat baita biderketarako identitate-elementua.

Erreferentziak

  1. a b «LIST OF SYMBOLS» Elements of Set Theory (Elsevier): xiii–xiv. 1977 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-10-21).
  2. a b Weisstein, Eric W.. (2002-12-12). CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics.  doi:10.1201/9781420035223. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-10-21).
  3. «List of Important Symbols» SET THEORY - WITH AN INTRODUCTION TO DESCRIPTIVE SET THEORY (Elsevier): 497–501. 1976 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-10-21).
  4. Nagel, Alexander; Rudin, Walter. (1976-12-01). «Moebius-invariant function spaces on balls and spheres» Duke Mathematical Journal 43 (4)  doi:10.1215/s0012-7094-76-04365-9. ISSN 0012-7094. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-10-21).
  5. «Unicode Standard» Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, Third Edition (CRC Press): 5310–5319. 2009-12-17 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-10-21).

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