Klabizenbalo

Klabizenbalo
Deskribapena
Motagiltzadi, Pultsatutako hari instrumentu, true board zithers with resonator box (en) Itzuli eta Q1740992 Itzuli
Hornbostel-Sachs sailkapena314.122-6-8
Jotzaileaklabezin-jotzaile
Asmakuntza-dataXV. mendea

Klabizenbaloa (klabezin edo klabe[1] ere deitua), teklatudun eta hari pultsatudun musika tresna bat da, harpa eta gitarra bezala.

Historia eta deskribapena

Ziur asko, salterio greziarretik dator (psalterion).

Klabizenbalo baten martinete mekanismoa.

Bere oinarrizko egitura, bat edo bi teklatu dira, hauetan, tekla bakoitza jotzerakoan, plektro izeneko antzar, bele edo kondor lumazko zia batek, martinete edo jauzilari deritzon zurezko egitura batean dagoena, dagokion haria altxatzen duelarik, atximurkatuz. Honek, soinu zehatz edo nota bat sortzen du. Tresnaren soinuaren altuera ez da aldatzen, ez nabaritzeko moduan behintzat, bere teklak leunki edo gogor jota. Soinu altueraren aldaketa bat, soilik erregistroak gehituz edo gainjarriz lortzen da. Lerro melodiko bat apaintzearen arteak, efektu dinamikoak iradokitzea ere ahalbidetzen du.

Klabizenbaloa, Barroko garaian oso ezaguna eta erabilia, ahazten joan zen, eta berarentzako idatzitako musikalan gehienak, pianoforte berrian interpretatzen hasi ziren gure egungo pianoaren aurrekaria. Bere izenak dioen bezala, honek, soinu altuera aldatzea ahalbidetzen du teklak jotzeko erabiltzen den indarra aldatuta.

XIX. mendearen amaieran eta XX. mendearen hasieran, musika tresna hau berreskuratu egin zen, neurri batean, Wanda Landowska paino eta klabizenbalojoleari esker, garai modernoetan, musika tresna honen lehen irakaslea izan zena (Berlinen) eta ez zituen soilik, tresna honentzako idatzitako antzinako lanak interpretatu, baizik eta lan berriak ere enkargatu zizkiela egile ezberdinei, horien artean, Manuel de Falla andaluziarrari.

Landowskak, sekula ez zuen interesik jarri antzinako klabizenbaloen soinuan, baizik eta klabizenbalo modernoen eraikuntza bultzatu zuela, pianoren eraikuntzatik etorritako egiturekin.

Antzinako musika tresnen zaharberritze eta kopia eraikitzeen aurrerakada bikainekin (Frank Hubbarden kasuan bezala) duela berrogei urte baino gehiagotik, klabizenbalo historikoaganako interesa berpiztu da. Bere soinuaren argitasunak eta harmonikoetan duen aberastasun bikainak, musika polifonikoa interpretatzeko ordezkaezin bihurtzen dute.

Klabizenbaloak, aldaera txikiagoak ere baditu, espineta eta birjinala kasu, klabikordioarekin nahastu behar ez direnak.

Klabizenbaloa, Europako musika akademikoan

Klabizenbaloak, paper garrantzitsu bat izan du Europako musika akademikoan XVI. mendetik XVIII. menderarte, eta, ondoren, XX. mendean, bakarlari edo laguntzaile bezala, bere urrezko aroa Barrokoan izan zuelarik, ondoren, Erromantizismo garaian ahaztua izateko eta XX. mendean berriz indarrez agertzeko.

Girolamo Frescobaldi bezalako konposatzaile italiarren, Johann Jakob Froberger eta Johann Sebastian Bach bezalako alemaniarren, François Couperin eta Jean-Philippe Rameau bezalako frantziarren eta Domenico Scarlattiren ekarpenek, azken honek, teklatuarentzako bere lanaren zatirik handiena Espainian sortu zuelarik, eskola propio bat sortuz, bere jarraitzaileen artean Antonio Soler eta Sebastian Albero bezalako egileak daudelarik, musika tresna honentzako errepertorio klasiko bat sortu zuten XVII. eta XVIII. mendeetan.

Erreferentziak

  1. Euskalterm: [Musika Hiztegia] [2011]

Kanpo estekak

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